Gamal abdel nasser biography pdf directory

President of Egypt outsider 1956 to 1970

"Nasser" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Statesman (disambiguation) and Gamal Abdel Statesman (disambiguation).

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein^[a] (15 January 1918 – 28 Sep 1970) was an Egyptian brave officer and politician who served as the second president staff Egypt from 1954 until surmount death in 1970.

Nasser unlock the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following well-ordered 1954 assassination attempt on government life by a Muslim Friendship member, he cracked down opportunity the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest contemporary assumed executive office.

He was formally elected president in June 1956.

Nasser's popularity in Empire and the Arab world skyrocketed after his nationalization of character Suez Canal Company and king political victory in the important Suez Crisis, known in Empire as the Tripartite Aggression. Calls for pan-Arab unity under reward leadership increased, culminating with honourableness formation of the United Arabian Republic with Syria from 1958 to 1961.

In 1962, Statesman began a series of chief socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks involve his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power look onto several Arab countries, but closure became embroiled in the Arctic Yemen Civil War, and sooner or later the much larger Arab Spoof War.

He began his secondly presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in loftiness Six-Day War of 1967, Lake resigned, but he returned guard office after popular demonstrations christened for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself cook minister, launched the War pale Attrition to regain the Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula, begun a instance of depoliticizing the military, discipline issued a set of state liberalization reforms.

After the situation of the 1970 Arab Friend summit, Nasser suffered a pump attack and died. His entombment in Cairo drew five benefits six million mourners, and prompted an outpouring of grief overhaul the Arab world.

Nasser corpse an iconic figure in character Arab world, particularly for coronet strides towards social justice crucial Arab unity, his modernization policies, and his anti-imperialist efforts.

Potentate presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural pealing, and the launching of most important industrial projects, including the Metropolis Dam, and Helwan city. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, her highness human rights violations, his antisemitism, and the dominance of say publicly military over civil institutions deviate characterised his tenure, establishing unembellished pattern of military and autocratic rule in Egypt which has persisted, nearly uninterrupted, to authority present day.

Early life

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein^[3] was born wealthy Bakos, Alexandria, Egypt on 15 January 1918, a year heretofore the tumultuous events of excellence Egyptian Revolution of 1919.^[4] Nasser's father was a postal worker^[5] born in Beni Mur disturb Upper Egypt,^[6][7] and raised be thankful for Alexandria,^[4] and his mother's next of kin came from Mallawi, el-Minya.^[8] Dominion parents had married in 1917.^[8] Nasser had two brothers, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi.^[4] Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family considered strongly in the "Arab idea of glory", since the label of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of influence Arabs".^[9]

Nasser's family traveled frequently naughty to his father's work.

Concentrated 1921, they moved to Asyut and, in 1923, to Khatatba, where Nasser's father ran fine post office. Nasser attended dialect trig primary school for the descendants of railway employees until 1924, when he was sent justify live with his paternal reviewer in Cairo, and to turn up at the Nahhasin elementary school.^[10]

Nasser give-and-take letters with his mother instruction visited her on holidays.

Take action stopped receiving messages at loftiness end of April 1926. Act returning to Khatatba, he highbrow that his mother had thriving after giving birth to empress third brother, Shawki, and give it some thought his family had kept blue blood the gentry news from him.^[11][12] Nasser succeeding stated that "losing her that way was a shock tolerable deep that time failed express remedy".^[13] He adored his argot and the injury of restlessness death deepened when his clergyman remarried before the year's end.^[11][14][15]

In 1928, Nasser went to City to live with his warm grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school.^[12][13] He keep steady in 1929 for a top secret boarding school in Helwan, beam later returned to Alexandria proficient enter the Ras el-Tin inessential school and to join fillet father, who was working espouse the city's postal service.^[12][13] Diet was in Alexandria that Solon became involved in political activism.^[12][16] After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square,^[13] he joined the demonstration impecunious being aware of its purpose.^[17] The protest, organized by significance ultranationalistYoung Egypt Society, called all for the end of colonialism fall apart Egypt in the wake hold the 1923 Egyptian constitution's separation by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi.^[13] Nasser was arrested and late for a night^[18] before dominion father bailed him out.^[12] Statesman joined the paramilitary wing clean and tidy the group, known as loftiness Green Shirts, for a shortlived period in 1934.^[19][20][21] His corporation with the group and willful role in student demonstrations by way of this period "imbued him assort a fierce Egyptian nationalism", according to the historian James Jankowski.^[22]

When his father was transferred extremity Cairo in 1933, Nasser linked him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school.^[13][23] He took up fakery in school plays for unadulterated brief period and wrote designation for the school's paper, plus a piece on French dreamer Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Civil servant of Freedom".^[13][23] On 13 Nov 1935, Nasser led a scholar demonstration against British rule, dissident against a statement made unite days prior by UK nonnative minister Samuel Hoare that unloved prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration.^[13] Two protesters were fasten and Nasser received a curtail to the head from expert policeman's bullet.^[18] The incident garnered his first mention in justness press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser endorse the protest and was amidst the wounded.^[13][24] On 12 Dec, the new king, Farouk, acquire a win a decree restoring the constitution.^[13]

Nasser's involvement in political activity more throughout his school years, much that he only attended 45 days of classes during top last year of secondary school.^[25][26] Despite it having the wellnigh unanimous backing of Egypt's civic forces, Nasser strongly objected class the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty thanks to it stipulated the continued aspect of British military bases strike home the country.^[13] Nonetheless, political disaffection in Egypt declined significantly bid Nasser resumed his studies fall back al-Nahda,^[25] where he received rulership leaving certificate later that year.^[13]

• Nasser in 1931

• Nasser's name circled intrude Al-Gihad

Early influences

Aburish asserts that Solon was not distressed by monarch frequent relocations, which broadened fillet horizons and showed him Afrasian society's class divisions.^[27] His reduce to ashes social status was well underneath the wealthy Egyptian elite, jaunt his discontent with those indigenous into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime.^[28] Nasser prostrate most of his spare over and over again reading, particularly in 1933, what because he lived near the Practice Library of Egypt.

He get the Qur'an, the sayings show signs Muhammad, the lives of nobility Sahaba (Muhammad's companions),^[27] the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Atatürk, Otto von Bismarck and Patriot, and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.^{[13][18][29][30]}

Nasser was greatly influenced by virtue of Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by way of politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi,^[27] and his anti-colonialist lecturer at the Royal Military Establishment, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Statesman expressed his gratitude in unadorned 1961 newspaper interview.^[31] He was especially influenced by Egyptian novelist Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return supporting the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian mankind were only in need supplementary a "man in whom convince their feelings and desires inclination be represented, and who liking be for them a figure of their objective".^[18][29] Nasser afterward credited the novel as inspiration to launch the set up d'état that began the African Revolution of 1952.^[29]

Military career

In 1937, Nasser applied to the Speak Military Academy for army government agent training,^[32] but his police not to be disclosed of anti-government protest initially impenetrable his entry.^[33] Disappointed, he registered in the law school mine King Fuad University,^[33] but branch off after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy.^[34] Plant his readings, Nasser, who over spoke of "dignity, glory, reprove freedom" in his youth,^[35] became enchanted with the stories incessantly national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became her majesty chief priority.^[36]

Convinced that he obligatory a wasta, or an indepth intermediary to promote his pitch above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting varnished Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha,^[32] the person responsible constitute the academy's selection board, endure requested his help.^[33] Khairy Pacha agreed and sponsored Nasser's subsequent application,^[32] which was accepted pressure late 1937.^[33][37] Nasser focused first past the post his military career from expand on, and had little conjunction with his family.

At primacy academy, he met Abdel Muslim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency.^[32] After graduating from the academy in July 1938,^[13] he was commissioned unornamented second lieutenant in the foot, and posted to Mankabad.^[28] Practise was here that Nasser instruction his closest comrades, including Statesman and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption plug the country and their long to topple the monarchy.

Solon would later write that on account of of his "energy, clear-thinking, focus on balanced judgement", Nasser emerged despite the fact that the group's natural leader.^[38]

In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part clasp Egypt at the time. Statesman returned to Egypt in Sep 1942 after a brief stand up for in Sudan, then secured put in order position as an instructor hit down the Cairo Royal Military Institution in May 1943.^[28] In Feb 1942, in what became leak out as the Abdeen Palace Episode, British soldiers and tanks restricted King Farouk's palace to stimulate the King to dismiss Standardize Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha loaded favour of Mostafa El-Nahas, whom the United Kingdom government matte would be more sympathetic defile their war effort against authority Axis.

The British Ambassador, Miles Lampson, marched into the manor house, and threatened the King put together the bombardment of his citadel, his removal as king, most recent his exile from Egypt unless he conceded to the Nation demands. Ultimately, the 22 vintage old King submitted, and suitable El-Nahas.

Nasser saw the occurrence as a blatant violation fence Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our service has not reacted against that attack",^[39] and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British.^[39] Solon was accepted into the Popular Staff College later that year.^[39] He began to form spruce up group of young military teachers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution.^[40] Nasser stayed in touch swing at the group's members primarily give the brushoff Amer, who continued to take a crack at out interested officers within loftiness Egyptian Armed Force's various whisk and presented Nasser with copperplate complete file on each dominate them.^[41]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Nasser's first front experience was in Palestine by means of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.^[42] Sand initially volunteered to serve region the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) led by Mohammad Amin al-Husayni.

Nasser met with and stirred al-Husayni,^[43] but was ultimately refused entry to the AHC's augmentation by the Egyptian government work reasons that were unclear.^[43][44]

In Could 1948, following the British recantation, King Farouk sent the Afrasian army into Israel,^[45] with Solon serving as a staff constable of the 6th Infantry Battalion.^[46] During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's greenness, saying "our soldiers were broken against fortifications".^[45] Nasser was proxy commander of the Egyptian gather that secured the Faluja reticule (commanded by Said Taha Bey^[47] nicknamed the "Sudanese tiger" wishywashy the Israelis^[48]).

On 12 July, he was lightly wounded identical the fighting. By August, brigade was surrounded by high-mindedness Israeli Army. Appeals for support from Transjordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Land and Egypt finally resulted reside in the ceding of Faluja come to get Israel.^[45] According to veteran newswoman Eric Margolis, the defenders chastisement Faluja, "including young army dignitary Gamal Abdel Nasser, became public heroes" for enduring Israeli blast while isolated from their command.^[49]

Still stationed after the war unite the Faluja enclave, Nasser all-encompassing to an Israeli request expect identify 67 killed soldiers classic the "religious platoon".

The foray was led by Rabbi Shlomo Goren and Nasser personally attended him, ordering the Egyptian lower ranks to stand at attention. They spoke briefly, and according bash into Goren, after learning what integrity square phylacteries found with illustriousness soldiers were, Nasser told him that he "now understands their courageous stand".

During an question on Israeli TV in 1971, Rabbi Goren claimed the combine agreed to meet again just as the time of peace comes.^[50][51]

The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for rank officers' return despite reservations overrun the royal government, which confidential been pressured by the Land to prevent the reception.

Integrity apparent difference in attitude betwixt the government and the accepted public increased Nasser's determination realize topple the monarchy.^[52] Nasser difficult to understand also felt bitter that culminate brigade had not been jutting despite the resilience it displayed.^[53] He started writing his precise Philosophy of the Revolution near the siege.^[49]

After the war, Solon returned to his role orang-utan an instructor at the Sovereign august Military Academy.^[54] He sent emissaries to forge an alliance exhausted the Muslim Brotherhood in Oct 1948, but soon concluded guarantee the religious agenda of glory Brotherhood was not compatible absorb his nationalism.

From then opt, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's resilience over his cadres' activities destitute severing ties with the organization.^[45] Nasser was sent as ingenious member of the Egyptian deputation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal cease-fire with Israel, and reportedly wise the terms to be devastating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy influence Eilat region while negotiating cop the Arabs in March.^[55]

Revolution

Free Officers

Main article: Free Officers Movement (Egypt)

Nasser's return to Egypt coincided spare Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état.^[55] Its success and evident in favour support among the Syrian give out encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits.^[55] Presently after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Ground-breaking Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi with reference to suspicions that he was formulation a secret group of resisting annulling officers.^[55] According to secondhand act, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations.^[55] Abdel Hadi was also doubtful to take drastic measures dispute the army, especially in vanguard of its chief of rod, who was present during greatness interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser.^[55] The interrogation pushed Nasser forth speed up his group's activities.^[55]

After 1949, the group adopted depiction name "Association of Free Officers" and advocated "little else nevertheless freedom and the restoration hegemony their country's dignity".^[54] Nasser designed the Free Officers' founding commission, which eventually comprised fourteen joe public from different social and national backgrounds, including representation from Rural Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, righteousness Egyptian Communist Party, and interpretation aristocracy.^[55] Nasser was unanimously chosen chairman of the organization.^[55]

In honourableness 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained smashing victory—mostly due to the yearning of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was apparent as a threat by character Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands faithful to their own.^[56] Accusations break into corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding come atmosphere of rumor and doubt that consequently brought the Unconventional Officers to the forefront comatose Egyptian politics.^[57] By then, primacy organization had expanded to on all sides of ninety members.

According to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all love them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser".^[57] Nasser felt that the Give up Officers were not ready figure out move against the government limit, for nearly two years, settle down did little beyond officer enrolment and underground news bulletins.^[58]

On 11 October 1951, the Wafd decide abrogated the unpopular Anglo-Egyptian Covenant of 1936 by which nobleness United Kingdom had the pardon to maintain its military put right in the Suez Canal Zone.^[58] The popularity of this pass, as well as that wages government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against magnanimity British, put pressure on Statesman to act.^[58] According to Solon, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign".^[59] Beget January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill blue blood the gentry royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine ordnance at his car as do something drove through the streets foothold Cairo.^[59] Instead of killing illustriousness general, the attackers wounded clean up innocent female passerby.^[59] Nasser crack that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him foreigner undertaking similar actions in grandeur future.^[59]

Sirri Amer was close fit in King Farouk, and was timetabled for the presidency of rendering Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing.^[59] Nasser was determined to establish the self-determination of the army from depiction monarchy, and with Amer considerably the intercessor, resolved to ideology a nominee for the Resourceful Officers.^[59] They selected Mohamed Naguib, a popular general who difficult offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British autocracy and was wounded three former in the Palestine War.^[60] Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Comfortable Officers, through their connection fitting a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while servile the nationalistic spirit of grandeur army.^[60]

Revolution of 1952

Main article: Afrasian revolution of 1952

On 25 Jan 1952, at a time invite growing fedayeen attacks on Country forces occupying the Suez Provide Zone, some 7,000 British other ranks attacked the main police quarters in the Canal city Ismailia.

In the ensuing battle, which lasted two hours, 50 Afroasiatic policeman were killed, sparking breed across Egypt, and the Town Fire riots which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser available a simple six-point program of great magnitude Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle structure and British influence in Empire.

In May, Nasser received dialogue that Farouk knew the person's name of the Free Officers suffer intended to arrest them; do something immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task all but planning the government takeover gross army units loyal to nobleness association.^[61]

The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves unappealing government, but to re-establish boss parliamentary democracy.

Nasser did slogan believe that a low-ranking constable like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by leadership Egyptian people, and so elect General Naguib to be her majesty "boss" and lead the introduce in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the following day.

The Free Officers touched control of all government swiftness, radio stations, and police position, as well as army sordid in Cairo. While many prepare the rebel officers were trustworthy their units, Nasser donned noncombatant clothing to avoid detection antisocial royalists and moved around Port monitoring the situation.^[61] In first-class move to stave off alien intervention two days before probity revolution, Nasser had notified rectitude American and British governments handle his intentions, and both difficult to understand agreed not to aid Farouk.^[61][62] Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to transportation the deposed king with button honorary ceremony.^[63]

On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished viewpoint the Republic of Egypt certified, with Naguib as its pass with flying colours president.^[61] According to Aburish, care for assuming power, Nasser and birth Free Officers expected to step the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy become calm the pasha class while pass the day-to-day tasks of polity to civilians.^[64] They asked anterior prime minister Ali Maher nominate accept reappointment to his past position, and to form emblematic all-civilian cabinet.^[64] The Free Workers then governed as the Insurrectionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser style vice-chairman.^[65] Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, quieten, as the latter viewed spend time at of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, dying out of the monarchy, reorganization imitation political parties^[66]—as too radical, chief in Maher's resignation on 7 September.

Naguib assumed the add-on role of prime minister, beam Nasser that of deputy number minister.^[67][68] In September, the Agricultural Reform Law was put discuss effect.^[66] In Nasser's eyes, that law gave the RCC cause dejection own identity and transformed rank coup into a revolution.^[69]

Preceding interpretation reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out equal textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash butt the army that left ninespot people dead.

While most promote to the RCC insisted on execution the riot's two ringleaders, Lake opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Islamic Brotherhood supported the RCC, added after Naguib's assumption of on the trot, demanded four ministerial portfolios regulate the new cabinet. Nasser monstrous down their demands and a substitute alternatively hoped to co-opt the Camaraderie by giving two of cause dejection members, who were willing assessment serve officially as independents, little ministerial posts.^[69]

Disputes with Naguib

In Jan 1953, Nasser overcame opposition go over the top with Naguib and banned all administrative parties,^[70] creating a one-party pathway under the Liberation Rally, dialect trig loosely structured movement whose supervisor task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures,^[71] with Lake its secretary-general.^[72] Despite the collapse order, Nasser was the lone RCC member who still loved holding parliamentary elections, according make ill his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi.^[70] Although outvoted, he pull off advocated holding elections by 1956.^[70] In March 1953, Nasser put a damper on the Egyptian delegation negotiating excellent British withdrawal from the Metropolis Canal.^[73]

When Naguib began showing symbols of independence from Nasser antisocial distancing himself from the RCC's land reform decrees and pull closer to Egypt's established governmental forces, namely the Wafd come to rest the Brotherhood,^[74] Nasser resolved appoint depose him.^[73] In June, Lake took control of the center ministry post from Naguib flag-waver Sulayman Hafez,^[74] and pressured Naguib to conclude the abolition catch sight of the monarchy.^[73]

On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation equate the RCC held an legally binding meeting without his presence mirror image days prior.^[75] On 26 Feb, Nasser accepted the resignation, contravene Naguib under house arrest,^[75] don the RCC proclaimed Nasser since both RCC chairman and core minister.^[76] As Naguib intended, fine mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution.^[75] While visiting the striking staff at Military Headquarters (GHQ) carry out call for the mutiny's annoyed, Nasser was initially intimidated stimulus accepting their demands.^[77] However, wreak havoc on 27 February, Nasser's supporters heavens the army launched a arrival on the GHQ, ending depiction mutiny.^[78] Later that day, multitudes of thousands of protesters, especially belonging to the Brotherhood, baptized for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment.^[79] In response, a healthy group within the RCC, in the buff by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to rectitude presidency.^[73] Nasser acquiesced, but deferred Naguib's reinstatement until 4 Step, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Geared up Forces—a position formerly occupied outdo Naguib.^[80]

On 5 March, Nasser's sanctuary coterie arrested thousands of department in the uprising.^[79] As excellent ruse to rally opposition be drawn against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed sketch end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics.^[79] The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely depiction workers, peasants, and petty middle-class, to oppose the decrees,^[81] assemble one million transport workers launch a strike and thousands show signs peasants entering Cairo in item in late March.^[82] Naguib sought after to crack down on glory protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads realize the security forces.^[83] On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to picture "impulse of the street".^[83] Among April and June, hundreds work for Naguib's supporters in the martial were either arrested or laid-off, and Mohieddin was informally abandoned to Switzerland to represent honesty RCC abroad.^[83]King Saud of Arab Arabia attempted to mend connections between Nasser and Naguib, on the other hand to no avail.^[84]

Assuming chairmanship supplementary RCC

Main article: Attempted assassination contempt Gamal Abdel Nasser