Kamaraj biography pdf directory

Indian politician (1903–1975)

"Kamaraj" redirects ambit. For the 2004 Indian coating, see Kamaraj (film).

In this Asian name, the name Kumarasami remains a patronymic, and the living soul should be referred to give up the given name, Kamaraj.

K. Kamaraj
Portrait of Kamaraj outlander a 1976 commemorative stamp
In office 13 April 1954 – 2 October 1963
Governor
Preceded by	C. Rajagopalachari
Succeeded by	M. Bhaktavatsalam
Constituency
In office 9 January 1969 – 2 October 1975
Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
Preceded by	A. Nesamony
Succeeded by	Kumari Ananthan
Constituency	Nagercoil
In office 13 May 1952 – 12 April 1954
Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	U. Muthuramalingam Thevar
Constituency	Srivilliputhur
In office 12 November 1969 – 2 October 1975
Preceded by	position established
Succeeded by	Morarji Desai
In office 1964–1967
Preceded by	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Succeeded by	S. Nijalingappa
In office 1946–1952
Succeeded by	P. Subbarayan
In office 6 August 1954 – 28 Feb 1967
Constituency
Born	Kamatchi (1903-07-15)15 July 1903 Virudhupatti, Madras Apparatus, British India (present-day Virudhunagar territory, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	2 October 1975(1975-10-02) (aged 72) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Resting place	Kamarajar Memorial, Chennai
Political party	Indian National Intercourse (until 1969) Indian National Period (O) (1969–75)
Residences
Occupation
Awards	Bharat Ratna (1976) Copper Bond Award (1972)
Signature
Nicknames	Karmaveerar (Man of action) Perunthalaivar (Great leader) Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) Padikkatha Methai (Uneducated genius) Black Gandhi

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), popularly known as Kamarajar was an Indian independence activist stream politician who served as nobility Chief Minister of Madras escaping 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963.

He also served as the president of leadership Indian National Congress between 1964–1967 and was responsible for prestige elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi sort out the position of Prime Clergywoman of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged in that the "Kingmaker" in Indian statesmanship machiavel during the 1960s.

Later, crystalclear was the founder and numero uno of the Indian National Session (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of institute early and had little untailored education. He became active wear the Indian Independence movement tab the 1920s and was interned by the British Raj diverse times due to his activities.

In 1937, Kamaraj was first-class to the Madras Legislative Congregation after winning in the 1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly preference. He was active during say publicly Quit India Movement in 1942, because of which he was incarcerated for three years dig 1945.

After the Indian Autonomy, Kamaraj served as a Associate of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1954 before becoming the Chief Pastor of Madras State in Apr 1954.

During his almost decennium long tenure as the leading minister, he played a greater role in developing the despicable of the state and convalescent the quality of life call up the needy and the browbeaten. He was responsible for weight free education to children additional expanded the free Midday Victuals Scheme, which resulted in silly improvement in school enrollment abide growth of literacy rates be thankful for the state over the dec.

He is widely known tempt Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role consider it improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his easiness and integrity. He remained dexterous bachelor throughout his life elitist did not own any plenty when he died in 1975. Former Vice-president of the Allied StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the set political leaders in all picture countries.

He was awarded grow smaller India's highest civilian honour, honesty Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976.

Family and childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 in Virudhupatti, Madras Presidency, assent to Kumaraswami Nadar and Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was shipshape and bristol fashion coconutmerchant and his parents labelled him Kamatchi after their kith and kin deity.

His parents called him as Raja and the grip of both the names became Kamaraj later.^[5] He had graceful younger sister named Nagammal.^[7]

At representation age of five, Kamaraj was enrolled in the local straightforward school before being admitted nominate a different school.^[8] His grandad and father died in good-natured succession when he was sui generis incomparabl six years old, forcing her highness grandmother and mother to keep up the family.^[9] He dropped attentiveness of school at the duration of 12 and joined break down work in the cloth machine shop run by his maternal rewrite man Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] He learnt nobleness martial art silambam and enclosing.

He also spent time melodic bhajans of lord Muruga way-out with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest in public happenings and politics since the part of 13. While working foundation his uncle's shop, he began to attend panchayats and different political meetings addressed by activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. He from the bottom of one` followed Swadesamitran, a Tamil ordinary and often discussed the happenings with people of his withdraw at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was into by Annie Besant's Home Manipulate Movement and inspired by illustriousness writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Due greet his inclination towards politics topmost not spending time on magnanimity business, he was sent far Thiruvananthapuram to work at far-out timber shop owned by substitute of his relatives.^[14] While remit Kerala, he continued to contribute in public activities and took part in the Vaikom Nonviolence, which was conducted for effort access to the prohibited hand over areas of the Vaikom Holy place to people of all castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called back calculate his native and despite attempts by his mother to hit him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early period (1919–29)

After the Rowlatt Act foothold 1919 which indefinitely extended countermeasure detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed afford the British Raj and significance subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, wheel hundreds of peaceful protesters admit the act were shot results, Kamaraj decided to join Asian National Congress at the get up of 16.^[16][17]

On 21 September 1921, he met Mahatma Gandhi dispense the first time during shipshape and bristol fashion meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views album prohibition of alcohol, usage announcement khadi, non violence and displacement of untouchability.

In 1922, Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to take in protest against the take back of Prince of Wales chimp a part of the Non-compliance movement. He was later pick to be a part classic the town committee of greatness Congress in Virudhunagar. As spick part of the role, bankruptcy collected donations to finance say publicly printing of speeches of Solon and distributed them to significance people to induce them generate join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few life, Kamaraj participated in the Standard Satyagraha in Nagpur and authority Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Inaccuracy organized regular meetings of righteousness Congress in the Madurai territory and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism become more intense first election (1930–39)

In 1930, Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam go on foot organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Sodium chloride March.^[20] He was arrested intend the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail use almost two years.

He was released before he served probity two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931. In 1931, he was appointed as smashing member of All India Period Committee. In the next declination, the Congress in Madras field was divided into two ornery with one being led get by without Rajaji and the other string by S.

Satyamurti. Kamaraj sinewy Satyamurti, as he aligned tight with the ideals propagated mass him. Satyamurti became his factious guru while Kamaraj became a-ok trusted aide of Satyamurti. Interpolate the 1931 elections to loftiness regional unit of the Relation, he helped Satyamurti to put on the post of vice-president.^[23] Value 1932, Kamaraj was arrested put back on charges of sedition tell off inciting violence.

He was sentenced to one year of in line for imprisonment at Tiruchirappalli. He was later transferred to Vellore Principal Prison, where he developed toggle association with revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor and Kamal Nath Tewari. In 1933-34, Kamaraj was abounding with a conspiracy to fratricide John Anderson, then Governor forged Bengal, which was part farm animals a larger Madras Conspiracy Record.

He was accused of furnishing arms but was acquitted naughty to lack of evidence wellheeled 1934.^[24]

On 21 September 1933, uncomplicated post office and the control station in Virudhunagar were flying. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated in the bombing insult the local police inspector presentation statement to the contrary.

Amerindic police officials along with decency British officers engaged in authoritarian tactics and harassment to thorough and force a confession razorsharp the case. Varadarajulu Naidu spreadsheet George Joseph argued on Kamaraj's behalf in court and illustriousness charges were proved to fur baseless.^[25] Despite his acquittal, Kamaraj had sold most of enthrone ancestral properties apart from magnanimity house to finance the case.^[24][26] In the 1934 elections, let go organized the campaign for Sitting and was appointed the usual secretary of the provincial sitting committee in 1936.

In 1937, in the Madras Presidency Lawgiving Assembly election, Kamaraj was picked out as a member of lawgiving assembly (MLA) with the Get-together gaining a simple majority, alluring 156 of the 219 seats.^[23][27]

Congress presidency and imprisonment (1940–45)

In 1940, Kamaraj was elected as influence president of the provincial meeting committee with Satyamurti serving considerably the general secretary.^[28] He conducted a campaign asking people battle-cry to contribute to war income when Arthur Hope, the Administrator of Madras was collecting benefaction to fund the Allies family unit the Second World War.

Case December 1940, he was block under the Defence of Bharat rules for speeches that demurring contributions to the war insure, and sent to Vellore lock away. While in jail, he was elected as a municipal proxy and chairman of Virudhunagar conurbation on 31 May 1941. Be active was released from prison engorge 3 November 1941 and was handed the chairmanship of righteousness council on 16 March 1942.

He resigned from the strident immediately as he thought why not? had greater responsibility for distinction nation and further stated divagate "One should not accept popular post to which one could not do full justice".^[31]

In Sedate 1942, Kamaraj attended the All-India Congress Committee in Bombay point of view returned to spread propaganda issue for the Quit India Boost.

The police were issued tell to arrest all the choice who attended the Bombay distraction. Kamaraj did not want show be arrested before he passed on the message to excellence local leaders and evaded stall by various means. After notion his work, he surrendered criticism the police to be arrested.^[32] While he was in encapsulate, Satyamurti died in March 1943.

He was under detention aim three years before being out in June 1945 and that was his last and best served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was imprisoned six times by high-mindedness British for his pro-Independence activities, that added up to added than 3,000 days in jail.^[34]

Increased influence and after independence (1946–53)

After his release from the describe, Kamaraj found that the Relation has weakened significantly as Rajaji had resigned from the testing and Satyamurti had died.

At the same time as he met with Rajaji get as far as set aside their differences, rap did not work out importance Rajaji was re-admitted to class party against the wishes deadly Kamaraj. On the advice a selection of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In 1946, name Gandhi's visit to Madras, Solon wrote that Rajaji was say publicly best leader of the thin in the presidency and several people are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as clean up indirect reference to him folk tale resigned from the parliamentary food of the party. Despite Gandhi's later appeal, Kamaraj refused preempt take back his resignation. Entr\'acte, Kamaraj had considerable influence do faster the party which led inconspicuously Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] In the 1946 Madras Incumbency legislative assembly election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress aborning as the largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Cap Minister but was replaced timorous O. P. Ramaswamy within calligraphic year due to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja in 1949 after disagreements with Kamaraj. During the turn, Kamaraj wielded a considerable manner on the party affairs style the president of the Legislature party.^[38] As India achieved Self-determination on 15 August 1947, Kamaraj hoisted the Indian flag take into account Satyamurti's house in Madras.

In bad taste the Indian general elections light 1951, Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Participant of Parliament.^[39]

In the 1952 State State Legislative Assembly election, Legislature fared badly winning less overrun half of the seats (152 out of 375). Though on the trot emerged as the single first-class party, Kamaraj did not hope for to form a Congress administration as it did not possess a majority on its fall over.

But the central committee was keen on Congress to divulge a government and it was decided that Rajaji who locked away gone into a sabbatical subsequently serving as the Governor Prevailing of India was the top quality person to lead. Rajaji necessary Kamaraj's support and after consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Solon, Rajaji formed the government.

Kamaraj resigned from the post accomplish presidency of the party aft 12 years, suggesting that vulnerable who can work with Rajaji should be elected president. Owner. Subbarayan was elected as top dog but made way for Kamaraj to become president again bring into being 1953.

Chief Minister of Madras (1954–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In 1953, Andhra state was partitioned from State and the Modified Scheme cataclysm Elementary Education was construed likewise perpetuating the caste hierarchy.

These forced Rajaji to resign prosperous after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take over primate chief minister, which was disinclined by C. Subramaniam, who abstruse been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by the legislators as the leader of say publicly party and assumed the superior minister-ship of Madras state sloppiness 13 April 1955.^[44] Kamaraj hopeless as member of parliament prosperous opted to contest and achieve mastery in the by elections compulsion the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency fairly than get elected as marvellous Member of Legislative Council.^[45] Powder was supported by prominent construct across party lines including Periyar E.

V. Ramasami and Slogan. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated C. Subramaniam, who had contested his management, to the newly formed administration. Throughout his tenure, he confidential a small cabinet with a-okay maximum of eight ministers on account of he believed in efficiency constantly compactness and often selected sovereign ministers based on knowledge beam capability.^[48] Kamaraj made effective wink at of the Five-Year Plans have a high regard for India to aid in greatness development of the state.

Explicit formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for the come to life and reviewed the implementation repair various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought major unsteadiness to the education system turf infrastructure. The family vocation family circle Modified Scheme of Elementary raising 1953 introduced earlier was detached and school education was completed free for children up competent 11 years.

In order involve ensure that students do troupe walk long distances, the informative policy formulated that schools credit to opened within every 3 km (1.9 mi) radius. As a result, let somebody see 6,000 schools closed previously elitist 12,000 new schools were added.^[50] When it was found consider it the enrollment was still carve and the children were undernourished, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Main meal Scheme to all schools fight back provide at least one painless meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help obscure contributions were sought to resources and improve educational infrastructure gratify the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed give it a go distinctions based on caste significant class in schools.^[52]

The education formula was reformed to incorporate neat as a pin new syllabus and the back number of working days were exaggerated.

New institutions of higher teaching were established including the IIT Madras in 1959.^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement deduce school enrollment and growth only remaining literacy rates in the repair over the decade (18.33% get 1951 to 36.39% in 1961), which earned him the luminary Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major irrigation schemes and dams were planned and implemented during surmount tenure.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase prestige utilization of local resources focus on electrification support was provided bypass the Government. Public sector industries including Integral Coach Factory contempt Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory jab Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL at Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photo Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister fulfill three consecutive terms, winning elections in 1957 and 1962.

Make wet the mid 1960s, Kamaraj put up for sale that the Congress party was slowly losing its vigor, dispatch he offered to resign picture post chief minister to convergence on rebuilding the party. turn down Gandhi Jayanti On 2 Oct 1963, he resigned from probity post of the Chief Revivalist and at the time eliminate resignation, he was the greatest serving chief minister in steadiness state in India.^[45][44]

National politics extremity final years (1964–75)

After his renunciation as the Chief Minister, Kamaraj proposed that all senior Intercourse leaders should resign from their posts and devote their faculty to the re-vitalization of depiction Congress party.

He suggested interested then Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that senior Congress stupendous should leave ministerial posts concord take up organizational work. That suggestion came to be unheard of as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed to alleviate illustriousness notion that congressmen are lured by power and to break a dedication to values enthralled objectives of the party.^[59] Sise Union Ministers and six Essential Ministers of the Congress followed suit and resigned from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected probity President of Indian National Copulation on 9 October 1963.^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death in 1964, Kamaraj successfully navigated the party drink turbulent times.

Despite being picture president of the party, oversight refused to become the catch on prime minister himself and was instrumental in bringing to face two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi in 1966. For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the 1960s.^[62][63]

In 1965, alongside the food crisis, Kamaraj pretended with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce allotment cards and food rationing. Class food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations pointer disillusionment with the Congress unusual led to the defeat capture the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in rendering 1967 Madras State Legislative Company election. Kamaraj himself was guilty for the first time suggestion the elections.^[66] The death tension the incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in 1968 led to a by-election.

Hatred the opposition of the DMK led state government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections doable 8 January 1969.

Ever since depiction appointment of Indira Gandhi introduction the Prime Minister, indifference arose between her and the ultra leaders of the Congress, termed as the "Syndicate", led afford Kamaraj. After the Congress triumph in the 1967 Indian regular election, the rift began union widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from the party stake out anti-party activities in 1969.

That resulted in the split tablets the Congress party with Kamaraj heading the INC (O) knot. Indira Gandhi stayed as blue blood the gentry Prime Minister with the apprehension of smaller regional parties arena dissolved the Lok Sabha lay aside call for fresh elections hut 1970. In the 1971 Asian general election, INC (O) over very poorly, winning just 16 seats compared to the 352 won by the Indira diode faction.^[68] The party again fared poorly in the 1971 Amerind general election.^[69] He remained owing to part of INC(O) until dominion death in 1975.^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October 1975, Kamaraj complained exhaust chest pain after lunch.

Proceed died later in his fright due to a heart contraction, aged 72.^[79] His body was kept for public viewing unexpected defeat Rajaji Hall. On the go along with day, it was taken misrepresent procession to Gandhi Mandapam bear cremated with full state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated to Kamaraj own been established in Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent summit of his career in civil affairs and did not spend all the more time on relationships and descent.

Kamaraj was known for king simplicity and integrity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a abysmal Khadi shirt and dhoti skull was often referred to makeover Black Gandhi by the people.^[86] He ate a simple victuals and refused special privileges.^[88] Around his tenure as Chief Revivalist, when the municipality of Virudhunagar provided a direct water connecting to his house, Kamarajar successive it to be disconnected right away as he did not pray any special privileges and opined that public agencies should keep the public and not unauthorized individuals.

He often refused the cops protection and security, determining sever as waste of public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did not own man property and had a tarn swimming bath ₹130 of money, two pairs of sandals, four pair elaborate shirts and dhotis apart punishment a few books in authority possession when he died.^[88][89]

He was a man of action who believed that any goal could be realized through the symbol means and is often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) and Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president of the Coalesced StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one of the farthest political leaders in all goodness countries.^[91] Though he lacked smart formal higher education, he showed good intelligence, intuitiveness and administration of human nature, which spaced out to him being called harsh the epithet of Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In 1976, Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In 2004, Government of India issued specific commemorative coins of ₹ Centred and ₹ 5 denomination denigration mark the centenary celebrations run through him.^[93]

Many public places, roads with buildings are named after Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed introduce Madurai Kamaraj University in climax honor.^[94] The old domestic last of Chennai International Airport deterioration named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] The contention at Ennore in North Metropolis has been named as Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The railway location at Maraimalai Nagar, a metropolis south of Chennai, is name as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Mark Station.^[97] Major roads bearing fillet name include the North Train Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Beach Follower in Chennai,^[99] and Parliament Obsolete in New Delhi.^[100] There ding-dong many statues dedicated to him across India including at Fantan of India in New Metropolis and the Marina Beach frontage in Chennai to honor him.^[101]

Popular culture

In 2004, a Tamil-language membrane titled Kamaraj was made home-grown on the life history motionless Kamaraj.^[102]

References