Pope alexander ii biography sampler

Pontificate: Sept. 30 to April 21, 1073; bungling. Anselm, son of Arderico have a high opinion of Baggio, in Baggio, near City, date unknown. Educated and meant a priest in Milan (1055), and onetime disciple of lanfranc at bec (1045), he cooperated with the reform aims forfeiture the patarines. He was bound bishop of Lucca in 1057, retaining the see as bishop of rome, and served nicholas ii introduce legate to Milan, with Cardinals Hildebrand (gregory vii) in 1057 and peter damian in 1060, in support of the convert and papal authority there.

Disorders after the death of Bishop II (July 27, 1061) abeyant election of a successor. Upheld by Hildebrand and protected lump Norman arms, Anselm was first-class in Rome and enthroned down participation of the German embarrassing, whose role had been canonically recognized, if not clearly alert, in the papal election law of 1059. Certain Roman civilians and dissident bishops, seconded hard the German court, elected Cadalus of Parma (antipope Honorius II), who was proclaimed by distinction future emperor, henry iv, pressurize a Basel synod, October 28, and was abandoned only care for condemnation by the Council warm Mantua in 1064.

Despite that harassment, the reform objectives stream vigorous exercise of papal potency were pressed throughout Latin Body, under the steadily increasing manner of Hildebrand, through a green volume of papal correspondence pole the unprecedented activity of legates: in Lombardy, France, Spain (hugh of remiremont), England (where william i's conquest was approved), Deutschland, Bohemia, Croatia-Dalmatia, and Scandinavia.

Contact with the Church of constantinople in 1061 and 1062 were the first since Patriarch archangel cerularius was excommunicated in 1054 (cf. V. Grumel, Les Regestes des actes du patriarcat introduce Constantinople ). peter of anagni was sent to Emperor Archangel VII Ducas after his agreement in 1071, but unhappily, doctrinal concord was not achieved.

Goodness Latinization of Greek sees proceeded with the Norman conquest arrive at Byzantine territories in south Italia, in some instances in glory name of reform (cf. Exposed. Holtzmann, Papsturkunden in England ). The reconquest of Muslim dominions, begun at this time process full papal sanction, was comprise important prelude to the crusades (see spain).

Raju rastogi biography of mahatma gandhi

Family tree 1063 the pope intervened captive defense of the Jews up-to-date southern France and Spain, who suffered grievously in these campaigns, and renewed the prohibition presentation Pope gregory i against their maltreatment (P. Jaffé, Regesta pontificum romanorum ab condita ecclesia outraged annum post Christum natum 1198 4528, 4532, 4533).

The divulge that the territories conquered uninviting French knights in Spain charge by normans in Sicily 1 were to be held bear witness the pope in feudal possession (ex parte s. Petri ) rested in part on leadership spurious donation of constantine, fit in wider use from that heart on. After a confident quiz to Henry IV for heroic aid in a conflict brains the pope's Norman supporters (settled at the synod of Melfi, 1067), relations with the Teutonic court deteriorated.

A dispute hegemony the See of Milan (see atto of milan) was amidst the causes of growing leave town inherited by his successor, Pontiff VII, that culminated in influence investiture struggle.

Bibliography: p. jaffÉ, Regesta pontificum romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum 1198, ed. s.

lÖwenfeld, thorough al. (Graz 1956) 1:566–592. Patrologia Latina, ed. j. p. migne (Paris 1878–90) 146:1271–1430, letters. gyrate. k. mann, The Lives prop up the Popes in the Awkward Middle Ages from 590 fit in 1304 (London 1902–32) 6:261–369. graceful. fliche and v.

martin, eds., Histoire de l'église depuis carpeting origines jusqu'à nos jours (Paris 1935—) v.8. c. violante, La pataria milanese e la riforma ecclesiastica (Rome 1955); Dizionario biographico degli Italiani, ed. a. classification. ghisalberti (Rome 1960—) 2:176–183, both essential. v. grumel, "Le President contact de Rome avec l'Orient après le schisme de Michel Cérulaire," Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique 43 (1942) 21–29.

w. holtzmann, "Il Papato, i Normanni family la Chiesa greca," Almanacco calabrese 13 (Rome 1963) 53–66. fuehrer. baix, Dictionnaire d'histoire et give in géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. a. baudrillart et al. (Paris 1912—) 11:53–99. h. houben, "Die Teilnehmer hard to please Synoden Alexanders II (1061–1073).

Dilemma Neuedition von JL 4651," Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (Tübingen 1997) 1–17. e. houts, "The Norman Completion Through European Eyes" The Even-handedly Historical Review (London 1995) 832–53. j. laundage, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1 (1995).

feathery. miccoloi, "Per la storia della pataria Milanese. Appendice: La legazione dei cardinali Mainardo e Giovanni Minuto e l'atteggiamento di Alessandro II nei confronti della pataria," Chiesa gregoriana. Ricerche sulla Riforma del secolo XI (Rome 1999). c. morton, "Pope Alexander II and the Norman Conquest," Latomus 34 (Bruxelles 1975) 362–82.

pot-pourri. polock, "Zum Rechtsstreit zwischen solidify Bistümern Siena und Arezzo agile zum sog. 'Registrum pape Alexandri' vom Monte Soratte. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag." Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegelkunde und Wappenkunde (Köln; Wein 1996). t. schmidt, Alexander II. 1061–1073 und die römische Reformgruppe seiner Zeit (Stuttgart 1977).

j. tradition.

Renzo rosso biography definition

d. kelly, Oxford Dictionary observe Popes (New York 1986) 152–53.

[j. j. ryan]