John d rockefeller sr funds mengele

American philanthropic organization

The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private underpinning and philanthropicmedical research and bailiwick funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.^[3] The foundation was created provoke Standard Oil magnate John Sequence.

Rockefeller ("Senior") and son "Junior", and their primary business physician, Frederick Taylor Gates, on Could 14, 1913, when its rental was granted by New York.^[4] It is the second-oldest older philanthropic institution in America (after the Carnegie Corporation) and ranks as the 30th largest bottom globally by endowment, with capital of over $6.3 billion revel in 2022.^[2]

Since its inception, the base has donated billions of filthy lucre to various causes, becoming honourableness largest philanthropic enterprise in high-mindedness world by the 1920s.^[5][6][7] Righteousness foundation has maintained an intercontinental reach since the 1930s post major influence on global non-governmental organizations.

The World Health Troop is modeled on the Omnipresent Health Division of the basement, which sent doctors abroad figure out study and treat human subjects. The National Science Foundation extort National Institute of Health trust also modeled on the trench funded by Rockefeller.^[8] It has also been a supporter pills and influence on the Combined Nations.

In 2020, the base pledged that it would denude from fossil fuel, notable on account of the endowment was largely funded by Standard Oil.^[9] The base also has a controversial earlier, including support of eugenics joke the 1930s, as well gorilla several scandals arising from their international field work. In 2021, the foundation's president committed weather reckoning with their history, fairy story to centering equity and attachment.

History

John D. Rockefeller Sr. prime conceived the idea of loftiness foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic counselor, Frederick Taylor Gates, encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies put under somebody's nose the good of Mankind" and over that his heirs should put together "dissipate their inheritances or understand intoxicated with power."^[10] In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Shoddy Oil shares worth $50 1000000, to his son, Gates opinion Harold Fowler McCormick as grandeur third inaugural trustee, in dignity first installment of a protrusive $100 million endowment.^[10]

The nascent base applied for a federal hire in the US Senate bonding agent 1910, with at one depletion Junior even secretly meeting proficient President William Howard Taft, go over the aegis of Senator Admiral Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.^{[citation needed]} However, because of goodness ongoing (1911) antitrust suit encroach upon Standard Oil at the goal, along with deep suspicion minute some quarters of undue Philanthropist influence on the spending disseminate the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress pretend order to seek a disclose charter from New York.^[10]

On Hawthorn 14, 1913, New York Commander William Sulzer approved a permission for the foundation with Sink becoming the first president.

Get used to its large-scale endowment, a billowing part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes.^[10] Description first secretary of the found was Jerome Davis Greene, probity former secretary of Harvard Further education college, who wrote a "memorandum hand in principles and policies" for untainted early meeting of the table that established a rough framing for the foundation's work.^{[citation needed]} It was initially located in the family office at Broken down Oil's headquarters at 26 Mount, later (in 1933) shifting dressingdown the GE Building (then RCA), along with the newly christened family office, Room 5600, mimic Rockefeller Center; later it phony to the Time-Life Building organize the center, before shifting closely its current Fifth Avenue chit.

In 1914, the trustees throng up a new Department be beneficial to Industrial Relations, inviting William City Mackenzie King to head volatility. He became a close settle down key advisor to Junior duplicate the Ludlow Massacre, turning go around his attitude to unions; still the foundation's involvement in Cell was criticized for advancing prestige family's business interests.^[11] The initiate henceforth confined itself to uphold responsible organizations involved in that and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control give an account of the foundation itself.^[12]

Junior became glory foundation chairman in 1917.

Habit the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior include 1918 and named after queen wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time obliged to supporting research by public scientists. During its first occasional years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to group workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior.

Answer 1922, Beardsley Ruml was chartered to direct the LSRM, president he most decisively shifted greatness focus of Rockefeller philanthropy win the social sciences, stimulating representation founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Technique Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded get stuck the Rockefeller Foundation, in precise major reorganization.^[13]

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in neat early years, but later genteel itself to one or three representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges see undue family influence.

These representatives have included the former impresario John D. Rockefeller III, unacceptable then his son John Succession. Rockefeller, IV, who gave slipup the trusteeship in 1981. Get in touch with 1989, David Rockefeller's daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to nobility board for a five-year label.

In October 2006, David Philanthropist Jr. joined the board pounce on trustees, re-establishing the direct kinsmen link and becoming the 6th family member to serve inhale the board.^{[citation needed]}

C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary type the Treasury under both Presidents John F.

Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, served as director of the foundation.^[14]

Stock bring the family's oil companies difficult to understand been a major part lose the foundation's assets, beginning bend Standard Oil and later be infatuated with its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil.^[15][16][17] In December 2020, the construct pledged to dump their ogy fuel holdings.

With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Base was "the largest US scaffold to embrace the rapidly immature divestment movement." CNN writer Rapidly Egan noted, "This divestment commission especially symbolic because the Altruist Foundation was founded by scuff money."^[9]

Public health

Public health, health humorless, and medical research are high-mindedness most prominent areas of duct of the foundation.

On Dec 5, 1913, the Board through its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Bad-tempered to purchase property for fraudulence headquarters in Washington, D.C.^[18]

The support established the Johns Hopkins College of Public Health and University School of Public Health, three of the first such institutions in the United States,^[19][20] cope with established the School of Sanitation at the University of Toronto in 1927, and the Author School of Hygiene and Allegorical Medicine in the United Kingdom.^[21] they spent more than $25 million in developing other market health schools in the Huffy and in 21 foreign countries.

In 1913, it also began a 20-year support program show signs of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research sports ground education on birth control, caring health and sex education. Crucial 1914, the foundation set break free the China Medical Board, which established the first public infirmity university in China, the Peking Union Medical College, in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized what because the Communists took over loftiness country in 1949.

In excellence same year it began uncomplicated program of international fellowships shut train scholars at many disregard the world's universities at interpretation post-doctoral level. The Foundation besides maintained a close relationship respect Rockefeller University (also known little the Rockefeller Institute for Alexipharmic Research) with many faculty tenure overlapping positions between the institutions.^[22]

The Sanitary Commission for the Erasure of Hookworm Disease was span Rockefeller-funded campaign from 1909 know about 1914 to study and manage hookworm disease in 11 Rebel states.^[23][24][25] Hookworm was known reorganization the "germ of laziness".

Restore 1913, the foundation expanded wellfitting work with the Sanitary Siesta abroad and set up high-mindedness International Health Division ^[26] (also known as International Health Board), which began the foundation's gain victory international public health activities. Distinction International Health Division conducted campaigns in public health and cleansing against malaria, yellow fever, limit hookworm in areas throughout Accumulation, Latin America and the Sea including Italy, France, Venezuela, Mexico,^[27][28] and Puerto Rico,^[29] totaling 52 countries on six continents put up with twenty-nine islands.^[30] The first supervisor was Wickliffe Rose, followed impervious to F.F.

Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and Martyr Strode in 1944. A release of notable physicians and green scientists worked on the ubiquitous campaigns, including Lewis Hackett, Hideyo Noguchi, Juan Guiteras, George Parable. Payne, Livingston Farrand, Cornelius Holder. Rhoads, and William Bosworth Citadel. In 1936, The Rockefeller Reinforcement received one of the cap awarded Walter Reed Medals stay away from The American Society of Allegorical Medicine & Hygiene to give a positive response its study and control be keen on Yellow Fever.^[31] The World Poor health Organization, seen as a issue to the IHD, was be made aware in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the large Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, obstructing its overseas work.^[26]

While representation Rockefeller doctors working in sultry locales such as Mexico stressed scientific neutrality, they had governmental and economic aims to reverse the value of public interest to improve American relations enter the host country.

Although they claimed the banner of polite society health and humanitarian medicine, they often engaged with politics instruction business interests.^[27] Rhoads was knotty in a racism whitewashing crying shame in the 1930s during which he joked about injecting somebody cells into Puerto Rican patients, inspiring Puerto Rican nationalist mushroom anti-colonialist leader Pedro Albizu Campos.^[32] Noguchi was also involved drag an unethical human experimentation scandal.^[29]Susan Lederer, Elizabeth Fee, and Bamboozle Katz are among the new scholars who have researched that period.

Researchers with the initiate including Noguchi developed the impeding to prevent yellow fever.^[33][34] Rhoads later became a significant swelling researcher and director of Tombstone Sloan-Kettering, though his eponymous bestow for oncological excellence was renamed after the scandal reemerged.^[35]

During birth late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation coined the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the former Parceling of Medical Education.

The rupture was led by Richard Classification. Pearce until his death contain 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.^[36] Midst this period, the Division mean Medical Sciences made contributions tip research across several fields dear psychiatry.^[37] In 1935 the support granted $100000 to the Organization for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.^[38] That grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into loftiness early-1940s.^[39] This division funded women's contraception and the human sexy genital system in general, but further was involved in funding debatable eugenics research.

Other funding went into endocrinology departments in Earth universities, human heredity, mammalian collection, human physiology and anatomy, touched in the head, and the studies of hominid sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey.^[40]

In the interwar years, the establish funded public health, nursing, gift social work in Eastern ahead Central Europe.^[41][42]

In 1950, the basement expanded their international program more than a few virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India, Trinidad, Belém, Brazil, Johannesburg, South Africa, Port, Egypt, Ibadan, Nigeria, and Metropolis, Colombia, among others.^[43] The reinforcement funded research into the remembrance acceptance of human viruses, techniques suggest virus identification, and arthropod-borne viruses.^[44]

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University presentday the Rockefeller Foundation are recently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala acquire "roles in a 1940s U.S.

government experiment that infected crowds of Guatemalans with syphilis".^[45] Spruce previous suit against the Affiliated States government was dismissed budget 2011 for the Guatemala syph experiments when a judge adamant that the U.S. government could not be held liable get to actions committed outside of glory U.S.^[46]

An experiment was conducted manage without Vanderbilt University in the Decade where they gave 800 eloquent women radioactive iron,^[47][48] 751 operate which were pills,^[49] without their consent.^[48] In a 1969 unit composition published in the American Newsletter of Epidemiology, it was putative that three children had thriving from the experiment.^[49]

Eugenics and Environment War II

John D.

Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter signify eugenics.^[50] Even as late pass for 1951, John D. Rockefeller Troika and John Foster Dulles, who was chairman of the base at the time, established nobility Population Council to advance kinsmen planning, birth control, and people control, and goals of primacy eugenics movement.^[51][52][53]

The Rockefeller Foundation, legislature with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for honesty Eugenics Record Office, until 1939.^[54][55] The foundation also provided gifts to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel, who supported birth duty, compulsory sterilization and eugenics.^[56] Biochemist went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth net movement there.^[57]

By 1926, Rockefeller confidential donated over $400,000, which would be almost $4 million premeditated for inflation in 2003, solve hundreds of German researchers,^[58] together with Ernst Rüdin^[59] and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, through funding magnanimity Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics,^[60] (also known as the Max Physicist Institute for Medical Research^[61]) which conducted eugenics experiments in Monolithic Germany and influenced the come to life of Nazi racial scientific principles.

Rockefeller spent almost $3 heap between 1925 and 1935, gift also funded other German eugenicists, Herman Poll, Alfred Grotjahn, Eugen Fischer, and Hans Nachsteim, chronic even after Hitler's ascent commerce power in 1933; Rüdin's profession influenced compulsory sterilisation in Illiberal Germany.^[62]Josef Mengele worked as break off assistant in Verschuer's lab, although Rockefeller executives did not skilled in of Mengele and stopped backing that specific research before Pretend War II started in 1939.^[58]

The Rockefeller Foundation continued funding European eugenics research even after practice was clear that it was being used to rationalize likes and dislikes against Jewish people and harass groups, after the Nuremberg hard-cover in 1935.

In 1936, Altruist fulfilled pledges of $655,000 survive Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, even allowing several distinguished Jewish scientists challenging been dropped from the faculty at the time.^[63] The Industrialist Foundation did not alert position world about the racist implications of Nazi ideology, but furthered and funded eugenic research nibble the 1930s.^[64] Even into picture 1950s, Rockefeller continued to reload some funding for research borne out of German eugenics.^[65]

The base also funded the relocation simulated scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s,^[66] known as the Refugee Teacher Program and the Emergency Board in Aid of Displaced Exotic Scholars.^[67][68][69] Some of the foremost figures relocated or saved, in the midst a total of 303 scholars, were Thomas Mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd.^[70] The base helped The New School furnish a haven for scholars near extinction by the Nazis.^[71]

After World Enmity II the foundation sent neat as a pin team to West Germany journey investigate how it could change involved in reconstructing the native land.

They focused on restoring philosophy, especially regarding education and orderly research, with the long-term target of reintegrating Germany into justness Western world.^[72]

The foundation also thin the early initiatives of Physicist Kissinger, such as his administration of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by the Dominant Intelligence Agency) and the completely foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established by him while crystal-clear was still a graduate student.^[73]

In 2021, Rajiv J.

Shah, supervisor of the Rockefeller Foundation, unrestricted a statement condemning eugenics give orders to supporting the anti-eugenics movement. Yes stated that

"[...]we commend nobleness Anti-Eugenics Project for their requisite work to understand[...] the destructive legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and safe keeping eugenics policies and practices.

Excellence Rockefeller Foundation is currently aggregate with our own history encroach relation to eugenics.  This depends upon uncovering the facts and grappling uncomfortable truths, [...] The Industrialist Foundation is putting equity crucial inclusion at the center beat somebody to it all our work: [...] endeavour the hateful legacies of magnanimity past [...] we understand defer the work we engage expect today does not absolve out of control of yesterday's mistakes. [...]" ^[74]

Development time off the United Nations

Although the Banded together States never joined the Contemporary of Nations, the Rockefeller Establish was involved, and by nobleness 1930s the foundations had at variance the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a new think tank that used special expertise to provide in-depth open-minded analysis of international issues.^[75][76] Make sure of the war, the foundation was involved in the establishment make out the United Nations.^[77]

Arts and philanthropy

Senate House (University of London) was built on donation from Altruist Foundation in 1926 and nifty foundation stone laid by Tragic George V in 1933.

Kick up a fuss is the headquarters of authority University of London since 1937.^{[citation needed]}

In the arts, the Industrialist Foundation has supported the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Holiday in Stratford, Connecticut, Arena Tier in Washington, D.C., Karamu Platform in Cleveland, and Lincoln Sentiment in New York.

The crutch underwrote Spike Lee's documentary quarrel New Orleans, When the Levees Broke. The film has antediluvian used as the basis look after a curriculum on poverty, highly-developed by the Teachers College throw in the towel Columbia University for their students.^[78]

The Cultural Innovation Fund is dialect trig pilot grant program that bash overseen by the Lincoln Center.^[79][80] The grants are to attach used towards art and artistic opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the Southern Bronx^[81] with three overarching goals.

The Rockefeller Foundation supported picture art scene in Haiti ploy 1948^[82] and a literacy mission with UNESCO.^[83]

Rusk was involved bash into funding the humanities and nobleness social sciences during the Hibernal War period, including study pleasant the Soviet Union.^[84]

In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $1m to the Wikimedia Foundation.^[85]

Bellagio Center

The foundation also owns roost operates the Bellagio Center harvest Bellagio, Italy.

The center has several buildings, spread across a-okay 50-acre (200,000 m²) property, on blue blood the gentry peninsula between lakes Como nearby Lecco in Northern Italy. Magnanimity center is sometimes referred get as the "Villa Serbelloni", distinction property bequeathed to the bottom in 1959 under the directorship of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S.

PresidentKennedy's secretary of state).^{[citation needed]}

The Bellagio Center operates both a dialogue center and a residency program.^[86] Numerous Nobel laureates, Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Empress Mahidol Award winners, and General fellows, as well as many acting and former heads demonstration state and government, have antediluvian in residence at Bellagio.^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

See also: Green Revolution

Agriculture was naturalized to the Natural Sciences measurement of the foundation in say publicly major reorganization of 1928.

Currency 1941, the foundation gave natty small grant to Mexico recognize the value of maize research, in collaboration gather the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was bring into being after the intervention of Helpful hint President Henry Wallace and righteousness involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; glory primary intention being to modify the Mexican Government and jump any possible communist infiltration, hold back order to protect the Altruist family's investments.^[87]

By 1943, this curriculum, under the foundation's Mexican Frugality Project, had proved such span success with the science stare corn propagation and general average of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin Land countries; in 1956, the information was then taken to India; again with the geopolitical demand of providing an antidote check communism.^[87] It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Brace (and later USAID, and following still, the World Bank) amplify sign on to the elder philanthropic project, known now disturb the world as the Wet behind the ears Revolution.

It was originally planned in 1943 as CIMMYT, illustriousness International Maize and Wheat Edging Center in Mexico. It further provided significant funding for leadership International Rice Research Institute slip in the Philippines. Part of significance original program, the funding recompense the IRRI was later untenanted over by the Ford Foundation.^[87] The International Rice Research Faculty and the International Maize cranium Wheat Improvement Center are allowance of a consortium of rural research organizations known as CGIAR.^[88]

Costing around $600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought fresh farming technology, increased productivity, distended crop yields and mass conception to many countries throughout prestige world.^{[citation needed]} Later it funded over $100 million of most important part biotechnology research and trained keepsake four hundred scientists from Accumulation, Africa and Latin America.^{[citation needed]} It also invested in birth production of transgenic crops, as well as rice and maize.

In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company timber of directors, warning of class possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the urge of so-called terminator genes;^[89] justness company later complied.^{[citation needed]}

In integrity 1990s, the foundation shifted academic agriculture work and emphasis sound out Africa; in 2006, it united with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation^[90] in a $150 million effort to fight emptiness in the continent through restored agricultural productivity.

In an cross-examine marking the 100 year party of the Rockefeller Foundation, Heroine Rodin explained to This Quite good Africa that Rockefeller has archaic involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and upbringing, though agriculture has been highest continues to be their get the better of investment in Africa.^[91]

Urban development

A undivided faultless of 100 cities across outrage continents were part of rendering 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.^[92] Unsubtle January 2016, the United States Department of Housing and Inner-city Development announced winners of cause dejection National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding three 100RC member cities – New York, NY; City, VA; and New Orleans, Coolness – with more than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.^[93] The grant was the major ever received by the eliminate of Norfolk.^{[citation needed]}

In April 2019, it was announced that picture foundation would no longer attach funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole.

Intensely elements of the initiative's uncalledfor, most prominently the funding as a result of several cities' Chief Resilience Public servant roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Altruist Foundation, while other aspects exercise the program continue in rendering form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) abstruse the Global Resilient Cities Material (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.^[94][95]

People affiliated take on the foundation

Board members and trustees

On January 5, 2017, the game table of trustees announced the assortment of Rajiv Shah to support as the 13th president slow the foundation.^[96] Shah became magnanimity youngest person, at 43,^[97] promote first Indian-American to serve by the same token president of the foundation.^[98] Explicit assumed the position March 1, succeeding Judith Rodin who served as president for nearly xii years and announced her reclusiveness, at age 71, in June 2016.^[99] A former president look up to the University of Pennsylvania, Carver was the first woman be acquainted with head the foundation.^[100] Rodin wring turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005.

Current staff type of June 1, 2021^[101] include:

Past trustees

Organizations that received Industrialist grants

• Rockefeller University
• Council on Foreign Support (CFR) – Especially the eminent 1939–45 War and Peace Studies that advised the US Executive Department and the US pronounce on World War II proposal and forward planning
• Royal Institute unredeemed International Affairs (RIIA) in London
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace look onto Washington – Support of righteousness diplomatic training program
• Brookings Institution turn a profit Washington – Significant funding a choice of research grants in the comic of economic and social studies
• World Bank in Washington – Helped finance the training of transalpine officials through the Economic Action Institute
• Harvard University – Grants end the Center for International Affairs and medical, business and supervision Schools
• Yale University – Substantial abet to the Institute of Universal Studies
• Princeton University – Office break into Population Research
• Columbia University – Agreement of the Russia Institute
• University describe the Philippines, Los Baños – Funded research for the Institute of Agriculture and built be over international house for foreign students
• McGill University – The Rockefeller Scaffold funded the Montreal Neurological College, on the request of Flummox Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller before
• Library of Congress – Funded a project for photographic copies of the complete card catalogues for the world's fifty solid libraries
• Bodleian Library at Oxford Hospital – Grant for a chattels to house five million volumes
• Population Council of New York – Funded fellowships
• Social Science Research Mother of parliaments – Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-aid
• National Bureau of Budgetary Research^[118]
• National Institute of Public Good of Japan (formerly The Institution of Public Health (国立公衆衛生院, Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in) "School of Lever Health"ja) in Tokyo (1938)
• Group catch the fancy of Thirty – In 1978 justness foundation invited Geoffrey Bell knock off set up this high-powered turf influential advisory group on widespread financial issues, whose former director was longtime Rockefeller associate Saul Volcker, until his death cage 2019^[119]
• London School of Economics – funded research and general budget
• Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies – funded general budget raid 1927 to 1954
• University of Lyons, France – funded research pull natural sciences, social sciences, criticize and the new building invite the medical school during leadership 1920s–1930s
• The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
• The Results for Development Institute – funded the Center for Welfare Market Innovations
• Mahidol University in Thailand
• VoteRiders – a nationwide nonprofit supported in 2012 to promote capital resilient democracy through voter Exceed access

See also

References