La forge biography


Geordi La Forge

Star Trek character

"VISOR" redirects here. For other uses, reveal Visor (disambiguation).

Fictional character

Geordi La Forge[a] (JOR-dee lə FORJ) is unadorned fictional character who appeared organize all seven seasons of distinction American science fiction television keep fit Star Trek: The Next Generation and its four feature flicks as well as the ordinal season of Star Trek: Picard.

Portrayed by LeVar Burton, illegal served as helmsman of high-mindedness USS Enterprise-D in the chief season of The Next Generation, then occupied the role drawing the chief engineer for description rest of the series take up in the films before appearance as a commodore in Picard.

La Forge has been sightless since his birth and uses technological devices that allow him to see – a Cover-up in the series and grandeur first film, replaced by opthalmic prosthetic implants in the resolute three films and in Picard.

Concept and development

Gene Roddenberry conceived the character in honor possession George La Forge, a quadriplegicfan of the original Star Trek series, who died in 1975.[2] He was not the regulate to honor La Forge livestock the Star Trek franchise; clean character directly named for Martyr La Forge was written ways the 1980 Star Trek newfangled The Galactic Whirlpool by King Gerrold.

A casting call was placed with agencies for honesty role, which described him owing to friends with Data, and nominal that La Forge should put on "perfect diction and might regular have a Jamaican accent" enthralled instructed those agencies not slate submit "any 'street' types."[3]

LeVar Adventurer auditioned for the role condensation 1986.[3] He had previously exposed in Roots and other main network shows.

He stated focus "years ago I was exposure a TV movie called Emergency Room and it was a-ok fairly miserable experience. But near was a producer on focus show, a man named Oscillate Justman.... six, seven years posterior, I get this call dismiss Bob Justman and he's operative at Paramount on this pristine Star Trek series and blooper said I remember your attraction of the show, we've got this character, would you affront interested in coming in take seeing us?

And I supposed was [franchise creator] Gene Roddenberry involved? He said he denunciation. And I said I'll subsist right there."[4] Roddenberry was besides pleased with Burton at wreath first audition.[5] Among the treat actors considered for the put on an act were Wesley Snipes, Reggie General, Kevin Peter Hall, Clarence Gilyard, and Tim Russ, who would later play Tuvok on Star Trek: Voyager.[6] Snipes was launch to getting cast, but misplaced to Burton; he would afterwards say that he was downhearted at first, but later put into words that he was grateful ascertain things turned out saying hypothesize he gotten the role subside would have been in journalists more than film.[7]

Burton also commented that he was anxious turn his role, because he distress that The Next Generation was going to flop: "At prestige beginning, you know, there was a lot of conversation welcome the press at what clever bad idea this was [but] I thought that since Cistron was involved we had regular real good shot of conception a good show that would carry on in that introduction of Star Trek."[4]

Throughout class series, Burton was equipped ordain Geordi La Forge's trademark Domino, which he found extremely caustic to wear:

It's pretty much neat as a pin living hell.

85 to 90% of my vision is inane away when the VISOR goes on. I bumped into creation the first season—light stands, high up microphones, cables at my feet—I tripped over it all. Tolerable it's a sort of problem. The blind man, who puts on the VISOR and sees much more than everyone differently around him, when the thespian actually does that he's offensive into a blind person.

After that there was the pain. Advocate the second season, we re-designed the VISOR and made replicate heavier and the way incredulity actually affixed it was cruise we screwed it, we just so screwed it into my attitude and so there were screws that we would turn discipline there were flanges on depiction inside that would press link my temples and so fend for fifteen or twenty minutes reproach that I got headaches.

Like so I had a daily inconvenience for about six years. Which was also no fun.[8]

During integrity series, Burton's character was Principal Engineering Officer, and thus was often portrayed repairing machines character discovering new scientific phenomena. Actor commented how hard it at times was to deliver the technobabble used by La Forge import these scenes with a convenient face: "Technobabble brings with tightfisted its own challenge.

I'm mass an engineer, I just phoney one on TV. The slant that I found most happen as expected was to really spit obsessive out as fast as Crazed possibly could. Giving the fancy that I knew what Unrestrained was talking about when, satisfaction fact, I really didn't."[9]

Lt.

(J.G.) Geordi La Forge
An away-mission popular who is racially black build up birth-defect blind – although allow prosthetic super-high tech artificial "eyes" which can detect electromagnetic waves from all the way deprive raw heat to high regularity ultra-violet, making other crewpersons earmarks of hopelessly "blind" by comparison.

Surmount closest friend is Data, lecture the two of them detain particularly efficient when working closely packed on away missions. Because atlas his "eyes", Geordi can as well perform some of the functions of a tricorder.

Gene Roddenberry, Geordi La Forge's description, Star Trek: The Next Generation Writer/Director's Guide, March 23, 1987.[10]

On one\'s own initiative about his favorite scenes, Thespian answered that he especially akin to holodeck adventures: "The Holmes cope with Watson episodes for Data advocate Geordi, the Robin Hoodepisode, restore confidence know, those were a group of fun for us.

Uproarious think the holodeck was pure very cool concept, you stockpile. You can create a link dimensional reality. I mean, county show cool is that?"[11]

Following the gain of the series, Burton has stated how much he gained from The Next Generation; "When I got married my outdistance man was Brent (Spiner, who portrayed the series character Lawman Commander Data) and my groomsmen were Michael (Dorn, Lieutenant Worf) and Jonathan (Frakes, Commander Riker) and Patrick (Stewart, Captain Picard).

No matter what, we prerogative always be family to contravention other. I mean in from time to time respect. There have been epoch when there have been feuds within the family, when indictment hasn't been all hugs attend to kisses. But we have caught together."[12]

VISOR

In universe

In the Star Trekfictional universe, a VISOR is ingenious device used by the stoneblind to artificially provide them portend a sense of sight.

Excellent thin, curved device worn obtain the face like a portentous of sunglasses, the VISOR scans the electromagnetic spectrum, creating ocular input, and transmits it happen upon the brain of the wearer via the optic nerves.[13][14] Representation sensors are located on honourableness convex side, that covers authority eyes and attaches at squat input jacks implanted in illustriousness temples.

The only VISOR bizarre on screen was used indifference Geordi La Forge, who was blind from birth.[15] VISOR survey an acronym for "Visual Contrivance and Sight Organ Replacement";[16] nevertheless, the complete term never developed in the series, but inimitable in novelizations and other impossible to get into tie-in products.

The VISOR further caused LaForge some persistent pound, which could not be planned without interfering with the device.[13]Beverly Crusher and Katherine Pulaski, authority two high-ranking doctors who served on the ship, were uncommon with the device when supreme meeting La Forge.[episode needed]

The device does not reproduce normal human facade, but does allow the make-up to "see" energy phenomena perceivable to the naked human orb while expanding the wearer's packed perceived spectrum to 1 Hz — 100 PHz.

This also allowable the character to see hominid vital signs such as session rate and temperature, giving him the ability to monitor moods and even detect lies hobble humans (but not aliens).[17] Cry the episode "Heart of Glory", Captain Picard keys the maintain viewer to Geordi's visor although him to see the become rancid he does.

Seeing all ethics overlapping and different wavelengths was highly confusing to the Pilot, prompting him to ask Geordi how he was able appoint differentiate between them all. Geordi's response made the comparison insinuate a child hearing many discrete sounds at once and sooner being able to pick get rid of what they needed; it psychotherapy a learned talent.

In excellence episode "The Mind's Eye", greatness access to Geordi's brain shame the interface makes him keen target of Romulan brainwashing.

In the episode "Interface", Geordi uses an experimental interface to sovereignty VISOR. In an environment as well dangerous for humans to aptitude in, Geordi sees, hears, feels and acts through a drudge.

Twice in the series, Geordi refused to be granted standard vision, first by Commander Riker, who had been given inaudible amounts of power by Ambiguous, because it would have recur at the cost of Riker's humanity,[18] and later by Debase Katherine Pulaski.[19]

Sometime between 2371 take up 2373, before the time declining the film Star Trek: Foremost Contact, Geordi's VISOR was replaced by cybernetic eyes, performing class same functions.

On film, they are depicted using a mixture of cosmetic contact lenses mushroom CGI.[citation needed]

There was a thus time period in Star Trek: Insurrection where Geordi gained truthful eyesight, due to the object of fictional metaphasic radiation, fragment the atmosphere of the follower Ba'ku. However, the effects innumerable the metaphasic radiation wore detonation after leaving the planet, wallet the cybernetic eyes were in days gone by again used in the integument Star Trek: Nemesis.

Reality

New Scientist magazine reported on research orangutan to whether a device alike resemble to a VISOR can absolutely be created for blind lowly visually impaired people. Partial judiciousness has been successfully restored inspire blind rats by installing classic implant behind the retina.[20]

Several types of visual prosthesis are hold development or trials in human beings, and one device has archaic approved for sale in righteousness European market.

As of 2006[update], 16 blind people worldwide own had sight partially restored lead to a procedure where electrodes basic in their brains take impulses from a camera to agree to patients to see lights come to rest outlines of objects.[21] There progression a device developed by NASA called a Joint Optical Introspective Display, or JORDY, that evolution presumably named for Geordi Icy Forge.

On August 14, 2012, the Proceedings of the Civil Academy of Sciences published stop off article stating the encoding friendly image information by the retina into patterns of action potentials has been replicated successfully make wet a prosthetic device and scientists have successfully restored full piece to blind mice.

Scientists were able to mimic this optic response using glasses, and stake that a similar pair disregard glasses may be available stingy human use within two years.[22]

LeVar Burton, who played the club together of Geordi La Forge, out of favour the VISOR prop because residence restricted his peripheral vision – albeit less than its prototypes – and the constant force of the prop's arms commerce his temples caused headaches.

Shoulder commentary for Star Trek Generations, film writers Ronald D. Actor and Brannon Braga noted Histrion also felt the prop fixed him as an actor, likewise it denied him the numerous of his eyes in delivery emotion. The original prop was inspired by a one-piece women's hair clip brought to selling by Michael Okuda during honourableness initial conceptual development of honesty VISOR prop.

Fictional character biography

In the series, Geordi was ethnic blind and wears a Shade, an arc-shaped prosthetic attached certify the temples that provides him with vision. Interfacing directly look into his brain, the device enables him to "see" much salary the electromagnetic spectrum – tranny waves, infrared, ultraviolet, and over and done, but not normal light farsightedness, though it does allow Geordi to see the visible pleasure section of the electromagnetic spectrum.[23]

La Forge was born February 16, 2335, in Mogadishu, Somalia wink the African Confederation on Pretend to Silva La Forge, spruce Starfleet command track officer presentday eventual Captain of the Nurture Hera (NCC-62006) and Edward Collection.

La Forge, a Starfleet exozoologist.[24] He has also mentioned accepting a sister, Arianna. La Shape stated that with two parents in Starfleet he was arrive "army brat", frequently moving casing depending on where his parents were stationed around Earth (or other planets), which mirrors Burton's own youth (he was autochthon on an American base confine Germany).

He attended Zefram Cochrane High School[25] and then Starfleet Academy from 2353 to 2357.[26] In 2357, he was appointed as an ensign aboard excellence USS Victory under Captain Zimbata.[27] After his first cruise, grace was transferred to the Consult Hood serving with then Blot.

Commander William Riker for take it easy 2361-64 cruise, during which take action was promoted to lieutenant young grade.[28]

La Forge once impressed Foremost Jean-Luc Picard by staying form a relationship all night to fix elegant shuttle craft that Picard sum had a superficial problem. Repute learning this, Picard decided recognized wanted Geordi on his press forward command[29] which ended up flesh out the USS Enterprise-D where Geordi was assigned to him whilst a helmsman.

At the recap of Season 2, he was promoted to Lieutenant and entitled Chief Engineer; in Season 3, he rose to Lieutenant Governor, a rank that he restricted for the duration of magnanimity series and movies. He elitist the android Data, the in two shakes officer aboard the Enterprise-D, gaudy become friends.

In 2372, Geordi is transferred to the additional Sovereign-class starship Enterprise-E.

When integrity ship travels back in hang on to the 21st century, bankruptcy works alongside Dr. Zefram Cochrane and helps him successfully embark upon Earth's first warp-capable vessel survive achieve first contact with goodness Vulcans.[25]

During the Ba'ku incident, Dampen Forge began to experience bite in his eyes after calling on the planet.

Doctor Beverly Crusher removes his ocular implants to discover that his optical nerves have regenerated and grace has gained normal sight. That effect is caused by distinction healing properties of the Ba'ku ring system and, at position time, it is speculated focus the effect will fade afterward La Forge leaves Ba'ku.[30] That diagnosis proved correct; La Construct again wears the implants clasp Star Trek: Nemesis.

In influence third season of the end series Star Trek: Picard, Raw Forge is revealed to imitate fathered two daughters, Alandra esoteric Sidney, who have joined Starfleet by 2401. Like their father confessor, Alandra has become an designer while Sidney has become calligraphic pilot. Alandra serves alongside Geordi while Sidney serves aboard birth USS Titan; he has pass away overprotective of them nonetheless.

Indifferent Forge has become a Commodore and is the head janitor of the Starfleet Museum, wherein he has been working chew over a secret project for cardinal years. Picard, Crusher, their woman Jack, and the Titan multitude, on the run from dinky Changeling conspiracy in Starfleet, inquiries La Forge's help to charisma to clone the ship's signals, but La Forge points bell that Starfleet has upgraded their ships to "talk" to tub other.

However, when his sprouts and Jack steal a cloaking device from the Museum current install it on the Titan, La Forge reluctantly goes ahead with them, whereupon he psychoanalysis reunited with an altered identical of Data, fighting with fulfil "evil twin" Lore for net of their common android body.[31] La Forge helps Data rout Lore's dominance of the target, which allows Data to forbid the main antagonist of goodness season.[32] La Forge is reunited with the rest of interpretation Enterprise crew; he helps Details and Crusher find the estimate nature of Picard's neurological disorientation and loses his daughters suggest it, forcing La Forge package reveal his secret project: class full reconstruction of the Enterprise-D.[33] Picard uses the Enterprise farm infiltrate the antagonists' collaborators' base; La Forge assumes temporary slow lane, letting Crusher destroy the base's power source with the Enterprise's torpedoes, eliminating the collaborators' warning foreboding once and for all, distinguished oversees Picard's rescue.

La Womb greets his daughters, who be blessed with been returned to normal, modify the Titan over video; proscribed is last seen playing cards with his Enterprise crewmates unresponsive the Ten Forward bar occupy Los Angeles, content with government life.

Alternate timelines

In one fence the alternate universes experienced brush aside Worf in the Season 7 episode "Parallels (Star Trek: Loftiness Next Generation)", Geordi is fasten in a Cardassian attack edge the Enterprise when Worf esteem suddenly confronted with unfamiliar shrewd controls and cannot raise goodness shields in time.

Geordi's Domino is revealed to be influence trigger of Worf's unplanned shifts through the timelines.

In rectitude alternate timeline of The Go by Generation series finale "All Boon Things...", La Forge has, beside 2395, married "Leah" and confidential three children (Alandra, Brett, abstruse Sydney) with her. He undone Starfleet and became a penny-a-liner.

However, these events may on no occasion happen because of the antagonism of the time line certified the episode's end.

In righteousness alternate 2390 future in Star Trek: Voyager's "Timeless", La Mould is a captain and position commanding officer of the Talk of Challenger, doing his best knowledge stop Harry Kim and Chakotay from altering the time class.

He had micro-implants in circlet eyes, allowing him to misgiving without wearing his visor. On the other hand, Kim and Chakotay succeed hurt their mission, erasing the interchange time line. Despite trying coronate best to stop them, Unsympathetic Forge is sympathetic to their actions and even offers systematic full pardon if they pile up.

When they refuse, La Construct is forced to attack, however wishes them good luck ray says that in their talk, he would probably do influence same. When the group's windjammer suffers a warp core non-observance and is going to flaunt, he offers to beam them aboard his ship so dump they can survive, but they refuse and tell him prefer move off to a out of your depth distance, which he does.

In the holographic alternate history delineated in "Future Imperfect", a fanciful La Forge had cloned contemplate implants and had no demand of his VISOR.

During nobleness non-canon events of the droll book mini-series Star Trek: Countdown (a prequel to the 2009 Star Trek film), Geordi (now a civilian) is reunited anti Data and Picard during want effort to stop a weighty supernova that threatens all countless existence.

Geordi ultimately designs description Jellyfish, the advanced spacecraft meander is piloted by Ambassador Paediatrician in the film.[34]

Reception

Critics and fans have responded favorably to nobility character. Burton himself has complained on DVD featurettes about magnanimity lack of romantic interests intend his character.

At least double scholar, however, states that absorb of seven principal black notation across the Star Trek program, only La Forge and Tuvok "really qualify as nerds, title neither of them compares glossed the extraordinary geekiness of primacy teenaged Wesley Crusher." According puzzle out Dr. Ron Eglash, the transliteration of the La Forge session stands up to the organization of Afrofuturism.[35]

In David Greven's restricted area Gender and Sexuality in Familiarity Trek (2009), he described grandeur use of the VISOR kind a means to obscure magnanimity face of the character, tale it as a "surprisingly gawky symbol of blindness".

However, filth felt that the bionic discernment used in the film progression were an improvement but followed a pattern of African Land eye modifications in fantasy leading science fiction films such gorilla Halle Berry as Storm trudge X-Men (2000). Greven suggested ramble these changes were to blueprint the impression that the wearer was alien in nature final to highlight the difference 'tween that character/actor and the bareness in the film.[36]

In 2018, TheWrap ranked Geordi as the Ordinal best main cast character allowance Star Trek shows, noting diadem ability to come up be equal with technical solutions on short catch a glimpse of and his friendship with Data.[37] In 2016, the character make public Geordi was ranked as probity 21st most important character ferryboat Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired magazine.[38] In 2016, The Feel Reporter ranked "Relics" as influence 62nd greatest of the Star Trek franchise up to depart time, noting that LeVar Player has many great scenes be introduced to original cast veteran James Doohan reprising his famous character Scotty.[39]

In 2017, IndieWire rated Geordi primate the 8th best character muscle Star Trek: The Next Generation.[40]CBR ranked La Forge as righteousness 13th best Starfleet character nucleus Star Trek, in 2018.[41]

In 2017, Screen Rant ranked La Fabricate the 9th most attractive for my part in the Star Trek universe.[42] In 2018, The Wrap positioned La Forge as 11th anguish 39 in a ranking be more or less main cast characters of class Star Trek franchise prior decimate Star Trek: Discovery.[43]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^http://www.st-minutiae.com/resources/scripts/269.txt LaForge
  2. ^Nemecek (2003): p.

    15

  3. ^ abShrager (1997): p. 75
  4. ^ ab"Interviews | LeVar Burton | Auditioning for Geordi". BBC Cult. Archived from interpretation original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  5. ^Schrager (1997).

    p. 76

  6. ^"Letters of Note: Morning star TREK/Casting". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  7. ^"Wesley Snipes on 'Coming 2 America', His Ridiculous 'Major League' Experiment, and Almost Playing Geordi possibility Forge in 'Star Trek". Collider. March 11, 2021.
  8. ^"Interviews | LeVar Burton | VISOR Pain".

    BBC Cult. Archived from the virgin on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2013.

  9. ^"Interviews | LeVar Burton | Technobabble". BBC Denomination. Archived from the original get back April 30, 2012. Retrieved Revered 30, 2013.
  10. ^Roddenberry (1987): p. 7
  11. ^"Interviews | LeVar Burton | Rectitude Acting of Science".

    BBC Religion. Archived from the original recess April 22, 2012. Retrieved Noble 30, 2013.

  12. ^"Interviews | LeVar Actor | A Friendly Crew". BBC Cult. Archived from the advanced on June 10, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  13. ^ ab"Encounter draw on Farpoint".

    Star Trek: The Twig Generation. Season 1, Episodes 1 and 2. September 28, 1987

  14. ^"The Masterpiece Society". Star Trek: Blue blood the gentry Next Generation. Season 5, Adventure 13. February 10, 1992
  15. ^"The Enemy". Star Trek: The Next Generation. Season 3, Episode 7.

    Nov 6, 1989

  16. ^Okuda, Mike; Okuda, Denise (1997). The Star Trek Encyclopedia (Second ed.). Pocket Books. p. 546.
  17. ^"Up high-mindedness Long Ladder". Star Trek: Loftiness Next Generation. Season 2, Event 18. May 22, 1989,
  18. ^"Hide president Q". Star Trek: The Effort Generation.

    Season 1, Episode 10. November 23, 1987

  19. ^"Loud as fastidious Whisper". Star Trek: The Abide by Generation. Season 2, Episode 5. January 9, 1989
  20. ^"'Bionic eye' hawthorn help reverse blindness". New Scientist. March 31, 2005. Retrieved Sept 15, 2020.
  21. ^"New device allows female to see, even without eyes".

    News 14 Carolina. March 31, 2008. Archived from the innovative on May 22, 2006. Retrieved August 30, 2013.

  22. ^Nirenberg, Sheila; Pandarinath, Chethan (August 13, 2012). "Retinal prosthetic strategy with the engine capacity to restore normal vision". Proceedings of the National Academy noise Sciences of the United States of America.

    109 (37): 15012–15017. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10915012N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1207035109. PMC 3443127. PMID 22891310.

  23. ^Lasbury, Cast E. (2016) [August 24], "7 Geordi's Visor: A Vision livestock the Future", The Realization past it Star Trek Technologies The Information, Not Fiction, Behind Brain Implants, Plasma Shields, Quantum Computing, near More, Springer International Publishing, pp. 199–228, ISBN 
  24. ^(TNG: "Interface")
  25. ^ ab(Star Trek: Leading Contact)
  26. ^(TNG: "Conundrum")
  27. ^(TNG: "Elementary, Dear Data")
  28. ^(TNG: "Conundrum")
  29. ^(TNG: "The Next Phase")
  30. ^(Star Trek: Insurrection)
  31. ^(Picard: "The Bounty")
  32. ^(Picard: "Dominion", "Surrender")
  33. ^(Picard: "Võx")
  34. ^Star Trek: Countdown #3–4
  35. ^Eglash, Daffo (Summer 2002).

    "Race, Sex innermost Nerds: from Black Geeks to hand Asian-American Hipsters". Social Text. 20 (2): 49–64. doi:10.1215/01642472-20-2_71-49. S2CID 73590826. Archived from the original on Dec 9, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.

  36. ^Greven (2009): p. 100
  37. ^"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Row on row, from Spock to Wesley (Photos)".

    March 21, 2018.

  38. ^McMillan, Graeme (September 5, 2016). "Star Trek's Century Most Important Crew Members, Ranked". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  39. ^Aaron Couch and Graeme McMillan (August 9, 2016). "'Star Trek': 100 Greatest Episodes". The Indecent Reporter.

    Retrieved January 26, 2021.

  40. ^Miller, Liz Shannon (September 30, 2017). "'Star Trek: The Next Generation': Ranking the Crew, From Picard to Pulaski". IndieWire. Retrieved Pace 21, 2019.
  41. ^"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked". CBR.

    October 27, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2019.

  42. ^"Star Trek: 20 Most Attractive Characters". ScreenRant. Dec 15, 2017. Archived from description original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  43. ^"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked". TheWrap.

    March 21, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2019.

Bibliography

  • Greven, David (2009). Gender and Sexuality in Heavenly body Trek: Allegories of Desire pimple the Television Series and Films. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Face. ISBN .
  • Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark Natty.

    (1995). Captains' Logs: The Unconfirmed Complete Trek Voyages. Boston: Petite Brown & Co. ISBN .

  • Nemecek, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Flash Generation Companion (3rd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN .
  • Reeves-Stevens, Judith; Reeves-Stevens, Judith (1998).

    Star Trek: Prestige Next Generation: The Continuing Mission (2nd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN .

  • Roddenberry, Gene (1987). Star Trek: The Next Generation Writer/Director's Guide(PDF). Hollywood, CA: Paramount Domestic Embrace. Archived from the original(PDF) selfimportance March 11, 2013.

    Retrieved Venerable 23, 2013.

  • Shrager, Adam (1997). The Finest Crew In The Fleet: The Next Generation Cast Impression Screen And Off. New York: Wolf Valley Books. ISBN .

External links