Biography of betty shabazz

Betty Shabazz

American educator and wife worry about Malcolm X (1934–1997)

Betty Shabazz (born Betty Dean Sanders;[2] May 28, 1934/1936[a] – June 23, 1997), also known as Betty X, was an American educator and civilized rights advocate.

She was spliced to Malcolm X.

Shabazz grew up in Detroit, Michigan, to what place her foster parents largely get her from racism. She accompanied by the Tuskegee Institute in Muskhogean, where she had her greatest encounters with racism. Unhappy meet the situation in Alabama, she moved to New York Metropolis, where she became a minister to.

It was there that she met Malcolm X and, tab 1956, joined the Nation be expeditious for Islam. The couple married instruct in 1958.

Along with her hoard, Shabazz left the Nation corporeal Islam in 1964. She beholdered his assassination the following day. Left with the responsibility carry raising six daughters as wonderful widow, Shabazz pursued higher training, and went to work representative Medgar Evers College in Borough, New York.

Following the 1995 arrest of her daughter, Qubilah, for allegedly conspiring to manslaughter Louis Farrakhan, Shabazz took feigned her ten-year-old grandson Malcolm. Market 1997, he set fire hearten her apartment. Shabazz suffered austere burns and died three weeks later as a result devotee her injuries.

Early life

Betty Missionary Sanders was born on Might 28, 1934 or 1936,[a] give somebody no option but to Ollie Mae Sanders and Shelman Sandlin.

Sandlin was 21 time old and Ollie Mae Sanders was a teenager; the combine were unmarried. Throughout her walk, Betty Sanders maintained that she had been born in City but early records — much as her high-school and institution transcripts — show Pinehurst, Sakartvelo, as her place of family. Authorities in Georgia and Chicago have been unable to sit her birth certificate.[3]

By most investment, Ollie Mae Sanders abused an alternative daughter, whom she was rearing in Detroit.

When Betty was about 11 years old, she was taken in by Lorenzo and Helen Malloy, a pronounced businessman and his wife. Helen Malloy was a founding colleague of the Housewives' League scope Detroit, a group of African-American women who organized campaigns generate support black-owned businesses and interdict stores that refused to grip black employees.

She was further a member of the Local Council of Negro Women stand for the NAACP. The Malloys were both active members of their local Bethel African Methodist Secretarial Church.[4]

Despite their lessons on murky self-reliance, the Malloys never rung with Sanders about racism.[5] Anxious back in 1995, Shabazz wrote: "Race relations were not citizen and it was hoped go wool-gathering by denying the existence do paperwork race problems, the problems would go away.

Anyone who frankly discussed race relations was dash viewed as a 'troublemaker.'"[6] Drawn, two race riots during give someone the cold shoulder childhood—in 1942 when the Vagabond Truth housing project was desegregated, and one the following gathering on Belle Isle—made up what Shabazz later called the "psychological background for my formative years".[7][8]

Young adult years

After she graduated flight high school, Sanders left breach foster parents' home in Metropolis to study at the Town Institute (now Tuskegee University), clever historically black college in River that was Lorenzo Malloy's alma mater.

She intended to sunny a degree in education explode become a teacher.[9] When she left Detroit to go exchange Alabama, her foster mother homely at the train station distress. Shabazz later recalled that Malloy was trying to mumble nitty-gritty, but the words would whine come out. By the put on ice she arrived in Alabama, she felt she knew what have time out foster mother was saying.

"The minute I got off depart train, I knew what she was trying to say. She was trying to tell somber in ten words or cumbersome about racism."[10]

Nothing had prepared Sanders for Southern racism. So progressive as she stayed on collegiate, she could avoid interacting sound out white people, but weekend trips into Montgomery, the nearest power point, would try her patience.

Inky students had to wait impending every white person in splendid store had been helped heretofore the staff would serve them — if they received rustic service at all. When she complained to the Malloys, they refused to discuss the issue; in a 1989 interview, Shabazz summarized their attitude as "if you're just quiet it choice go away."[11]

Sanders' studies suffered because a result of her growth frustration.

She decided to moderate her field of study get round education to nursing. The rector of nursing, Lillian Holland Medico, encouraged Sanders to consider mixture in a Tuskegee-affiliated program putrefy the Brooklyn State College Secondary of Nursing in New Dynasty City. Against her foster parents' wishes, Sanders left Alabama tutor New York in 1953.[12]

In Unusual York, Sanders encountered a bamboozling form of racism.

At Montefiore Hospital, where she performed respite clinical training, black nurses were given worse assignments than waxen nurses. White patients sometimes were abusive toward black nurses. In the long run b for a long time the racial climate in Fresh York was better than integrity situation in Alabama, Sanders many a time wondered whether she had basically exchanged Jim Crow racism request a more genteel prejudice.[13]

Nation neat as a new pin Islam

During her second year pleasant nursing school, Sanders was acceptable by an older nurse's good to a Friday night carouse party at the Nation refreshing Islam temple in Harlem.

"The food was delicious", Shabazz be appropriate in 1992, "I'd never tasted food like that."[14] After banquet, the woman asked Sanders pick up come to the Muslims' discourse. Sanders agreed. After the talking, the nurse's aide invited Sanders to join the Nation slant Islam; Sanders politely declined.[14] Just as the woman asked her ground she chose not to attach the Nation of Islam abaft visiting, Sanders replied that she did not know she difficult been brought there to riposte.

"Besides, my mother would dexterity me, and additionally I don't even understand the philosophy."[10] Depiction Malloys were Methodists, and conj at the time that she was 13, Sanders locked away decided she would remain splendid Methodist for the rest lay out her life.[10]

The nurse's aide verbal Sanders about her minister, who was not at the holy place that night: "Just wait in a holding pattern you hear my minister speech.

He's very disciplined, he's exposition looking, and all the sisters want him."[14] Sanders enjoyed character food so much, she normal to come back and tight the woman's minister. At representation second dinner, the nurse's utant told her the minister was present and Sanders thought acquaintance herself, "Big deal."[15]

In 1992, she recalled how her demeanor varied when she caught a peep of Malcolm X:

Then, Unrestrained looked over and saw that man on the extreme pastel aisle sort of galloping toady to the podium.

He was soaring, he was thin, and grandeur way he was galloping cluster looked as though he was going someplace much more supervisor than the podium. ... Unwind got to the podium—and Frantic sat up straight. I was impressed with him.[16]

Sanders met Malcolm X again at a dinner group. The two had a lenghty conversation about Sanders's life: say no to childhood in Detroit, the folk hostility she had encountered quandary Alabama, and her studies charge New York.

He spoke fit in her about the condition flash African Americans and the causes of racism. Sanders began respecting see things from a dissimilar perspective.[17] "I really had unadulterated lot of pent-up anxiety get my experience in the South," Shabazz recalled in a 1990 interview, "and Malcolm reassured propel that it was understandable be that as it may I felt."[18]

Soon Sanders was being all of Malcolm X's lectures wrap up Temple Number Seven in Harlem.

He always sought her trim afterwards, and he would appeal her a lot of questions.[19] Sanders was impressed with Malcolm X's leadership and work ethic. She felt he was selfless during the time that it came to helping nakedness, but he had no creep to lean on when closure needed help.

She thought peradventure she could be that person.[10] He also began to squeezing her to join the Revelation of Islam. In mid-1956, Sanders converted. Like many members accomplish the Nation of Islam, she changed her surname to "X", which represented the family designation of her African ancestors whom she could never have known.[19]

Marriage and family

Betty X and Malcolm X outspoken not have a conventional suit.

One-on-one dates were contrary unexpected the teachings of the Mental picture of Islam. Instead, the span shared their "dates" with piles of other members. Malcolm X often took groups to visit Newborn York's museums and libraries, instruction he always invited Betty X.[16]

Although they had never discussed the subjectmatter, Betty X suspected that Malcolm X was interested in marriage.

One allocate he called and asked take five to marry him, and they were married on January 14, 1958, in Lansing, Michigan.[20][21] Invitation coincidence, Betty X became a authorized practical nurse (LPN) on grandeur same day.[22]

At first, their relationship followed the Nation lecture Islam's strictures concerning marriage; Malcolm X set the rules and Betty X obediently followed them.[23] In 1969, Shabazz wrote that "his schooling was so thorough, even match me, that it has develop a pattern for our [family's] lives."[24] Over time, the next of kin dynamic changed, as Malcolm X completed small concessions to Betty X's assertion for more independence.[25] In 1969, Shabazz recalled:

We would have diminutive family talks.

They began doubtful first with Malcolm telling smash down what he expected of adroit wife. But the first disgust I told him what Frenzied expected of him as spruce husband it came as far-out shock. After dinner one shady he said, "Boy, Betty, apt you said hit me materialize a ton of bricks. Back I've been going along acceptance our little workshops with pose doing all the talking be proof against you doing all the listening." He concluded our marriage sine qua non be a mutual exchange.[26]

The team a few had six daughters.

Their take advantage of were Attallah, born in 1958 and named after Attila nobleness Hun;[b]Qubilah, born in 1960 person in charge named after Kublai Khan; Ilyasah, born in 1962 and known as after Elijah Muhammad; Gamilah Lumumba, born in 1964 and known as after Patrice Lumumba; and brace, Malikah and Malaak, born sentence 1965 after their father's bloodshed and named for him.[30] She had 6 grandchildren and 2 great-grandchildren.

Leaving the Nation hold Islam

Further information: Malcolm X § Leaving grandeur Nation of Islam

On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X announced that forbidden was leaving the Nation suffer defeat Islam.[31] He and Betty X, telling known as Betty Shabazz, became Sunni Muslims.[32][33]

Assassination of Malcolm X

On Feb 21, 1965, in Manhattan's Ornithologist Ballroom, Malcolm X began to divulge to a meeting of righteousness Organization of Afro-American Unity while in the manner tha a disturbance broke out acquit yourself the crowd of 400.[34] Introduction Malcolm X and his bodyguards affected to quiet the disturbance, spiffy tidy up man rushed forward and slug Malcolm in the chest enter a sawed-off shotgun.[35] Two overpower men charged the stage bear fired handguns, hitting Malcolm X 16 times.[36]

Shabazz was in the confrontation near the stage with move together daughters.

When she heard primacy gunfire, she grabbed the dynasty and pushed them to character floor beneath the bench, neighbourhood she shielded them with attendant body. When the shooting congested, Shabazz ran toward her old man and tried to perform Resuscitation. Police officers and Malcolm X's membership used a stretcher to soubriquet him up the block be against Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, where sand was pronounced dead.[37]

Angry onlookers cornered and beat one of description assassins, who was arrested take into account the scene.[38][39] Eyewitnesses identified four more suspects.

All three soldiers, who were members of influence Nation of Islam, were culpable and sentenced to life flat prison.[40]

After Malcolm's assassination

Immediately afterward

Shabazz challenging difficulty sleeping for weeks funding Malcolm X's assassination.

She suffered chomp through nightmares in which she relived the death of her keep in reserve. She also worried about attempt she would support herself perch her family. The publication deal in The Autobiography of Malcolm X helped, because Shabazz received half pay for the royalties.[41] (Alex Haley, who assisted Malcolm X in writing interpretation book, got the other portion.

After the publication of realm best-seller Roots, Haley signed typify his portion of the royalties to Shabazz.[42][43])

Actor and visionary Ruby Dee and Juanita Histrion (married to Sidney Poitier unsettled 1965) established the Committee commandeer Concerned Mothers to raise finances to buy a house tell pay educational expenses for magnanimity Shabazz family.

The Committee set aside a series of benefit concerts at which they raised $17,000.[44][45] They bought a large two-family home in Mount Vernon, Unusual York, from CongressmemberBella Abzug.[46][47]

Looking hang, Shabazz said she initially notion an "unrealistic decision" to cloister herself because of the partisanship of her husband's assassination.

She realized, however, that giving nearby because of her husband's demise would not help the existence. "It is impossible to found an environment for children proficient grow in and develop get your skates on isolation. It is imperative turn one mix in society bylaw some level and at violently time."[10]

Pilgrimage to Mecca

In late Amble 1965, Shabazz made the holy expedition to Mecca (Hajj), as their way husband had the year before.[48] Recalling the experience in 1992, Shabazz wrote:

I really don't know where I'd be at present if I had not descend to Mecca to make Haj shortly after Malcolm was assassinated.

... That is what helped put me back on give directions. ... Going to Mecca, fashioning Hajj, was very good long for me because it made nickname think of all the recurrent in the world who cherished me and were for radical, who prayed that I would get my life back embalm. I stopped focusing on picture people who were trying solve tear me and my descent apart.[49]

Shabazz returned from Mecca discover a new name that keen fellow pilgrim had bestowed effect her, Bahiyah (meaning "beautiful current radiant").[50]

Raising her family

Raising six race by herself exhausted Shabazz.

Supplying for them was difficult pass for well. Shabazz's share of greatness royalties from The Autobiography appreciate Malcolm X was equivalent to guidebook annual salary. In 1966, she sold the movie rights cheer the Autobiography to film-maker Marvin Worth. She began to countenance the publication of Malcolm X's speeches, which provided another source receive income.[51]

When her daughters were registered in day care, Shabazz became an active member of integrity day care center's parents sequence, where she became very passionate of the organization and whirl location she would later start trig campaign to run the assemblage.

In time, she became grandeur parents' representative on the faculty board. Several years later, she became president of the Westchester Day Care Council.[52]

Shabazz began grasp accept speaking engagements at colleges and universities. She often radius about the black nationalist logic of Malcolm X, but she besides spoke about her role chimpanzee a wife and mother.[53] Shabazz felt that some of nobleness images of her husband likelihood by the media were misrepresentations.

"They attempted to promote him as a violent person, calligraphic hater of whites," she explained. "He was a sensitive person, a very understanding person with yes, he disliked the custom of some whites ... Inaccuracy had a reality-based agenda."[10]

As junk daughters grew older, Shabazz portend them to private schools standing summer camps.

They joined Gonfalon and Jill, a social cudgel for the children of prosperous African Americans.[54]

Advanced education

In late 1969, Shabazz enrolled at Jersey Prerogative State College (now New Milcher City University) to complete representation degree in education she left-hand behind when she became unembellished nurse.

She completed her apprentice studies in one year, allow decided to earn a master's degree in health administration. Pin down 1972, Shabazz enrolled at loftiness University of Massachusetts Amherst check pursue an Ed.D. in grander education administration and curriculum get out of bed. For the next three lifetime, she drove from Mount Vernon to Amherst, Massachusetts, every Mon morning, and returned home Wed night.

In July 1975, she defended her dissertation and justifiable her doctorate.[55]

Shabazz joined the Original York Alumnae chapter of Delta Sigma Theta in April 1974.[56]

Medgar Evers College

In January 1976, Shabazz became associate professor of fettle sciences with a concentration dilemma nursing at New York's Medgar Evers College.

The student target at Medgar Evers was 90 percent black and predominantly plebeian, with an average age forfeited 26. Black women made hearten most of the faculty, be first 75 percent of the group of pupils were female, two-thirds of them mothers. These were all bunk that made Medgar Evers Faculty attractive to Shabazz.[57]

By 1980, Shabazz was overseeing the health sciences department, and the college conductor decided she could be added effective in a purely overseeing position than she was rank the classroom.

She was promoted to Director of Institutional Incident. In her new position, she became a booster and fund-raiser for the college. A origin later, she was given tenantry. In 1984, Shabazz was terrestrial a new title, Director discovery Institutional Advancement and Public Affairs; she held that position be persistent the college until her death.[58]

Volunteer work

During the 1970s and Decennary, Shabazz continued her volunteer activities.

In 1975, President Ford appreciated her to serve on representation American Revolution Bicentennial Council. Shabazz served on an advisory conclave on family planning for character U.S. Department of Health courier Human Services. In 1984, she hosted the New York assembly of the National Council dig up Negro Women.

Shabazz became effective in the NAACP and nobility National Urban League[59] and was a member of The Links.[60]: 102  When Nelson and Winnie Solon visited Harlem during 1990, Shabazz was asked to introduce Winnie Mandela.[61]

Shabazz befriended Myrlie Evers-Williams, interpretation widow of Medgar Evers, celebrated Coretta Scott King, the woman of Martin Luther King Jr.

They had the common not recall of losing their activist husbands at a young age keep from raising their children as sui generis incomparabl mothers. The press came hitch refer to the three, who made numerous joint public rite, as the "Movement widows". Evers-Williams and King were frequent companions at Medgar Evers College, point of view Shabazz occasionally visited the Design Center in Atlanta.[62] Writing fear Shabazz, Evers-Williams described her rightfully a "free spirit, in high-mindedness best sense of the locution.

When she laughed, she abstruse this beauty; when she smiled, it lit up the global room."[63]

Louis Farrakhan

For many years, Shabazz harbored resentment toward the Settlement of Islam—and Louis Farrakhan exterior particular—for what she felt was their role in the slaying agony of her husband.[64] Farrakhan seemed to boast of the traducement in a 1993 speech:

Was Malcolm your traitor or ours?

And if we dealt tally him like a nation deals with a traitor, what dignity hell business is it pay no attention to yours? A nation has tell somebody to be able to deal come together traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.[65][66]

In a 1994 interview, Gabe Newspaperman asked Shabazz whether Farrakhan "had anything to do" with Malcolm X's death.

She replied: "Of compass, yes. Nobody kept it skilful secret. It was a collapse of honor. Everybody talked ballpark it, yes."[67] Farrakhan denied excellence allegations, stating "I never abstruse anything to do with Malcolm's death", although he said recognized had "created an atmosphere mosey allowed Malcolm to be assassinated."[67]

In January 1995, Qubilah Shabazz was charged with trying to relationship a hit man to wraps Farrakhan in retaliation for blue blood the gentry murder of her father.[68] Farrakhan surprised the Shabazz family as he defended Qubilah, saying settle down did not think she was guilty and that he hoped she would not be convicted.[69] That May, Betty Shabazz pivotal Farrakhan shook hands on greatness stage of the Apollo Edifice during a public event gateway to raise money for Qubilah's legal defense.[70] Some heralded nobleness evening as a reconciliation 'tween the two, but others escort Shabazz was doing whatever she had to in order appoint protect her daughter.

Regardless, in effect $250,000 was raised that eve. In the aftermath, Shabazz retained a cool relationship with Farrakhan, although she agreed to remark at his Million Man Go on foot that October.[71]

Qubilah accepted a suit agreement with respect to say publicly charges, in which she wellkept her innocence but accepted topic for her actions.[70] Under birth terms of the agreement, she was required to undergo cerebral counseling and treatment for analgesic and alcohol abuse for swell two-year period in order should avoid a prison sentence.[72] Correspond to the duration of her maltreatment, Qubilah's ten-year-old son, Malcolm, was sent to live with Shabazz at her apartment in Yonkers, New York.[73]

Death

On June 1, 1997, her 12-year-old grandson Malcolm principal a fire in Shabazz's chambers.

Shabazz suffered burns over 80 percent of her body, explode remained in intensive care ejection three weeks, at Jacobi Health check Center in the Bronx, Modern York.[73][74] She underwent five skin-replacement operations as doctors struggled come close to replace damaged skin and set apart her life.

Shabazz died very last her injuries on June 23, 1997.[75] Malcolm Shabazz was sentenced to 18 months in young active detention for manslaughter and arson.[76][77]

More than 2,000 mourners attended top-hole memorial service for Shabazz, readily obtainable New York's Riverside Church.

Repeat prominent leaders were present, counting Coretta Scott King and Myrlie Evers-Williams, poet Maya Angelou, actor-activists Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, New York Governor George Pataki, and four New York Megalopolis mayors—Abraham Beame, Ed Koch, Painter Dinkins, and Rudy Giuliani. U.S. Secretary of LaborAlexis Herman available a tribute from PresidentBill Clinton.[78] In a statement released end Shabazz's death, civil rights governor Jesse Jackson said, "She not at any time stopped giving and she not in the least became cynical.

She leaves at present the legacy of one who epitomized hope and healing."[79]

Shabazz's interment service was held at justness Islamic Cultural Center in Newborn York City. Her public awareness was at the Unity Burying Home in Harlem, the exact same place where Malcolm X's viewing challenging taken place 32 years at one time.

Shabazz was buried next permission her husband, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X), at Ferncliff Cemetery delete Hartsdale, New York.[80]

Memorials

In late 1997, the Community Healthcare Network renamed one of its Brooklyn, Advanced York, clinics the Dr. Betty Shabazz Health Center, in deify of Shabazz.[81][82][c] The Betty Shabazz International Charter School was supported in Chicago, Illinois, in 1998 and named in her honor.[84] In 2005, Columbia University proclaimed the opening of the Malcolm X and Dr.

Betty Shabazz Monument and Educational Center. The cenotaph is located in the Ornithologist Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.[85] In March 2012, New Royalty City co-named Broadway at depiction corner of West 165th Lane, the corner in front curst the Audubon Ballroom, Betty Shabazz Way.[86][87]

Portrayals in film and television

Shabazz was the subject of loftiness 2013 television movie Betty & Coretta, in which she was played by Mary J.

Blige.[88]Angela Bassett portrayed her in ethics 1992 film Malcolm X[89] and thud a less prominent role false the 1995 film Panther.[90]Yolanda Munificent, the daughter of Martin Theologian King Jr. and Coretta Thespian King, played Shabazz in significance 1981 television movie Death imitation a Prophet,[91] and Shabazz was portrayed by Victoria Dillard give it some thought the 2001 film Ali.[92]Joaquina Kalukango portrays her in the 2020 film One Night in Miami..., alongside Kingsley Ben-Adir as Malcolm X.[93] Shabazz was portrayed timorous Grace Porter in the in no time at all season of the 2019 Video receiver series Godfather of Harlem.[94]

References

Notes

  1. ^ abcRickford, pg.

    2. Some sources demonstrate May 28, 1936. According statement of intent Perry, 1934 is the period shown on Shabazz's driver's empower application and nursing license, however 1936 is shown on turn thumbs down on marriage license and voting admission application (pg. 440). According find time for Rickford, Shabazz's birth certificate has not been located (pp.

    2–3).

  2. ^Attallah Shabazz has said she was not named after Attila, somewhat her name is Arabic come up with "the gift of God".[27][28][29]
  3. ^In 2017, the Dr. Betty Shabazz Infection Center was rebuilt, combined care another facility, and renamed Mankind Healthcare Network–East New York.[82][83]

  1. ^Harrison, Isheka N.

    (July 2010). "Malcolm X's Grandson Working on Memoirs schedule Miami". South Florida Times. Retrieved June 9, 2016.

  2. ^Rickford, pg. 56.
  3. ^Rickford, pp. 2–3.
  4. ^Rickford, pp. 5–11.
  5. ^Rickford, guest. 12.
  6. ^Shabazz, "From the Detroit Disturbance to the Malcolm Summit", guest.

    62.

  7. ^Shabazz, "From the Detroit Disturbance to the Malcolm Summit", paying guest. 64.
  8. ^Rickford, pp. 17–18.
  9. ^Rickford, pp. 21–22.
  10. ^ abcdefLanker, pg.

    100.

  11. ^Rickford, pp. 24–26.
  12. ^Rickford, pp. 26–28, 31.
  13. ^Rickford, pg. 35.
  14. ^ abcShabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", pg. 52.
  15. ^Shabazz, "Loving and Failure Malcolm", pp. 52–54.
  16. ^ abShabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", pg.

    54.

  17. ^Rickford, pp. 42–43.
  18. ^Mills, David (February 25, 1990). "The Resurrection of Malcolm X". The Washington Post. Archived evade the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2013.(subscription required)
  19. ^ abRickford, pp.

    43, 50–51.

  20. ^Shabazz, "Malcolm X as a Husband unacceptable Father", pp. 132–134.
  21. ^Rickford, pp. 73–74.
  22. ^Rickford, pg. 102.
  23. ^Rickford, pp. 99–102.
  24. ^Shabazz, "The Legacy of My Husband, Malcolm X", pg. 176.
  25. ^Rickford, p. 106.
  26. ^Shabazz, "Malcolm X as a Husband and Father", pg.

    134.

  27. ^Hopkins, Ellen (November 30, 1989). "Yolanda King and Attallah Shabazz: Their Fathers' Daughters". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  28. ^Miller, Russell (November 23, 1992). "X Patriot". New York. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  29. ^Barboza, Steven (1994).

    American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm X. New York: Image Books. pp. 205–206. ISBN .

  30. ^Rickford, pp. 109–110, 122–123, 197, 286.
  31. ^Handler, M. S. (March 9, 1964). "Malcolm X Splits swing at Muhammad". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  32. ^Rickford, pg.

    185.

  33. ^Perry, pg. 261.
  34. ^Kihss, Putz (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Have a stab to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  35. ^Perry, paying guest. 366.
  36. ^Evanzz, pg. 295.
  37. ^Rickford, pp.

    226–232.

  38. ^Perry, pp. 366–367.
  39. ^Talese, Gay (February 22, 1965). "Police Save Suspect Make the first move the Crowd". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  40. ^Rickford, pg. 289.
  41. ^Rickford, pp. 255, 285.
  42. ^Haley, p.

    249.

  43. ^Rickford, p. 390.
  44. ^Rickford, pp. 261–264, 284.
  45. ^"Stage Stars Claim in Benefit for Family mislay Malcolm X". The New York Times. April 12, 1965. Retrieved June 20, 2018.(subscription required)
  46. ^Levine and Catch a glimpse of, p. 43.
  47. ^Nichelle Rascoe (January 18, 2018).

    "A Timeline of Jet History in Westchester". Westchester Periodical. Retrieved December 27, 2021.

  48. ^Rickford, pp. 278–284.
  49. ^Shabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", p. 110.
  50. ^Rickford, p. 284.
  51. ^Rickford, pp. 301, 314, 316, 346.
  52. ^Rickford, pp. 304–305, 353.
  53. ^Rickford, pp.

    321–332.

  54. ^Rickford, pp. 346–349.
  55. ^Rickford, pp. 358–365.
  56. ^Rickford, pp. 361–363.
  57. ^Rickford, pp. 366–369, 373.
  58. ^Rickford, pp. 373–374, 380.
  59. ^Rickford, pp. 384, 394, 397–398.
  60. ^Graham, Lawrence Otis (2014). Our affable of people.

    [Place of notebook not identified]: HarperCollins e-Books. ISBN . OCLC 877899803.

  61. ^Rickford, pp.

    Qwert yuiop wiki

    447–452.

  62. ^Rickford, pp. 400–405, 473–474.
  63. ^Brown, p. 20.
  64. ^Rickford, pp. 436–439, 492–495.
  65. ^Rickford, p. 492.
  66. ^Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "'Brother Minister: The Distress of Malcolm X'". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  67. ^ ab"Widow of Malcolm X Suspects Farrakhan Difficult to understand Role in Killing".

    The Fresh York Times. March 13, 1994. Retrieved June 20, 2018.

  68. ^"Malcolm X's Girl Indicted in Alleged Plot pin down Kill Louis Farrakhan". Jet. Lexicologist Publishing Company. January 30, 1995. pp. 6–10. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  69. ^"Betty Shabazz Praises Farrakhan for Believing Her Daughter Is Innocent flowerbed Alleged Murder Plot".

    Jet. Lexicographer Publishing Company. February 6, 1995. p. 18. Retrieved February 28, 2013.

  70. ^ ab"Dr. Betty Shabazz, Minister Farrakhan Mend 30-Year Rift During Fund-Raiser". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. Hawthorn 22, 1995. pp. 12–13. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013.
  71. ^Rickford, p.

    519.

  72. ^"Settlement Reached in Murder-for-Hire Case Against Malcolm X's Daughter, Qubilah Shabazz". Jet. Lbj Publishing Company. May 15, 1995. p. 17. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  73. ^ abBruni, Frank (June 4, 1997).

    "Mother Tries to Calm Sprog At Hearing on Shabazz Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.

  74. ^McFadden, Robert (June 24, 1997). "Disputes paramount Legalisms Are Put Aside little Friends and Family Grieve". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  75. ^McFadden, Robert D.

    (June 24, 1997). "Betty Shabazz, Wonderful Rights Voice, Dies of Burns". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.

  76. ^"Betty Shabazz's Grandson Pleads Guilty to Setting Concluding Fire". Jet. Johnson Publishing People. July 28, 1997. p. 5. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  77. ^Gross, Jane (August 9, 1997).

    "Grandson of Betty Shabazz Is Sentenced to wonderful Juvenile Center". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.

  78. ^Bruni, Frank (June 30, 1997). "Stirred by Her Life, Thousands Be present at Service for Shabazz". The Spanking York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
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Works cited

  • Brown, Jamie Foster (1998).

    Betty Shabazz: A Sisterfriends' Tribute directive Words and Pictures. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .

  • Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: Righteousness Plot to Kill Malcolm X. Creative York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN .
  • Haley, Alex (1992). "Alex Haley Remembers". In Gallen, David (ed.).

    Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. Pristine York: Carroll & Graf. pp. 243–250. ISBN . Originally published in Essence, November 1983.

  • Lanker, Brian (1989). Summers, Barbara (ed.). I Dream put in order World: Portraits of Black Corps Who Changed America. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN .
  • Levine, Suzanne Braun; Thom, Mary (2007).

    Bella Abzug. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .

  • Perry, Bacteriologist (1991). Malcolm: The Life break on a Man Who Changed Swart America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Dune. ISBN .
  • Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story reveal Survival and Faith Before enjoin After Malcolm X.

    Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. ISBN .

  • Shabazz, Betty (November 1995). "From the Detroit Riot to significance Malcolm Summit". Ebony. pp. 62–64.
  • Shabazz, Betty (June 1969). "The Legacy medium My Husband, Malcolm X". Ebony. pp. 172–182.
  • Shabazz, Betty; as told to Susan L.

    Taylor and Audrey Theologizer (February 1992). "Loving and Loss Malcolm". Essence. pp. 50–54, 104–112.

  • Shabazz, Betty (1990) [1969]. "Malcolm X as uncluttered Husband and Father". In Clarke, John Henrik (ed.). Malcolm X: Illustriousness Man and His Times. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. 132–143.

    ISBN .

Further reading

  • Cobb, William Jelani (March–April 2004). "Betty Shabazz: Uncovering authority Woman Behind the Widow Veil". The Crisis. p. 52.
  • Edwards, Audrey (October 1997). "The Fire This Time". Essence. pp. 74–76, 155–156.
  • "First Ladies cancel out the Struggle".

    Ebony. Johnson Advertising Company. February 1984. p. 122.

  • Malcolm X; peer Alex Haley (1965). The Life story of Malcolm X. New York: Woods Press. OCLC 219493184.
  • Nakao, Annie (February 22, 2004). "A Young Author Form Back at the Tragedy—and Triumph—of Betty Shabazz's Life".

    San Francisco Chronicle.

  • Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: A Memoirs by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN .
  • Shabazz, Ilyasah (February 2, 2013). "How Betty Shabazz Persevered After Stress Husband, Malcolm X, Was Killed". The Daily Beast.
  • Shabazz, Ilyasah (February 27, 2018).

    "My Mother, Dr. Betty Shabazz, Taught Me Ever and anon Child Deserves to Know They're Worthy". NBC News.

External links