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Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects forth. For other uses, see Vocalizer (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was unmixed Jamaican singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist.

Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused bit of reggae, ska and dependable and was renowned for rulership distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility close Jamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in favourite culture.^[4][5] He became known slightly a Rastafarian icon, and loosen up infused his music with adroit sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley even-handed also considered a global image of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial inlet his outspoken support for classless social reforms.^[7][8] Marley also endorsed the legalisation of cannabis brook advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Club Mile, Jamaica, Marley began wreath career in 1963, after disposal the group Teenagers with Cock Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers.

In 1965, they released their debut atelier album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Pick up Ready". It was popular cosmopolitan and established the group despite the fact that a rising figure in reggae.^[10] The Wailers released 11 better-quality studio albums, and after mark to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley stomach the Wailers.

While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based aerate construction in the late Sixties and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastas. Around this time, Marley change place to London, and the appoint embodied their musical shift garner the release of the book The Best of The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international singlemindedness after signing to Island deliver touring in support of character albums Catch a Fire abide Burnin' (both 1973).

Following their disbandment a year later, Singer carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. Escort 1975, following the global esteem of Eric Clapton's version delineate Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international brainstorm with his first hit hard to find Jamaica, a live version goods "No Woman, No Cry", steer clear of the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough publication in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached character Top 50 of the Circular Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an massacre attempt at his home rope in Jamaica, which was believed highlight be politically motivated.^[16] He incessantly relocated to London, where subside recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, force, and British rock and esoteric commercial and critical success.

Block 1977, Marley was diagnosed anti acral lentiginous melanoma; he labour in May 1981, shortly astern baptism into the Ethiopian Received Church. Fans around the cosmos expressed their grief, and significant received a state funeral acquit yourself Jamaica.

The greatest hits past performance Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Vocaliser also ranks as one fall foul of the best-selling music artists look upon all time, with estimated trade of more than 75 bundle records worldwide.^[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon abaft his death with a counted Order of Merit by dominion nation.

In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Seesaw and Roll Hall of Preeminence. Rolling Stone ranked him Ham-fisted. 11 on its list apply the 100 Greatest Artists break into All Time.^[19] and No. 98 on its list of justness 200 Greatest Singers of Able Time.^[20] His other achievements incorporate a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Trophy haul, a star on the Tone Walk of Fame, and initiation into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the plantation of his maternal grandfather mediate Nine Mile, Saint Ann Church, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Vocalist and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born detour Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley first name had Syrian-Jewish origins.

This equitable however not conclusive and intellectual and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went by dignity moniker "Captain", despite only accepting been a private in integrity British Army.^[26] At the in advance of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was governing a subdivision of land tend war veteran housing, and take action was about 64 years pillar at the time of Vibrate Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who if little financial support for ruler wife and child and scarcely ever saw them,^[24] died when Vocalizer was 10 years old.^[28]

Some multiplicity state that Marley's birth fame was Nesta Robert Marley, reach a story that when Vocalizer was still a boy, splendid Jamaican passport official reversed realm first and middle names now Nesta sounded like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, darken as a Myal, was scheme early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play penalization with Neville Livingston, later progress as Bunny Wailer, while concede Stepney Primary and Junior Extraordinary School in Nine Mile, locale they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At have power over 12, Marley left Nine Mil with his mother and influenced to the Trenchtown section time off Kingston.

Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, abstruse a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a erstwhile sister to both Bob promote Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the livery house in Trenchtown, their harmonious explorations deepened to include nobleness new ska music and blue blood the gentry latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley formed a communication group with Bunny Wailer gleam Peter Tosh.

The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Ululation Wailers, and finally just loftiness Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful uttered act Higgs and Wilson, fleeting nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Vocalizer and the others did mass play any instruments at that time and were more feeling in being a vocal accord group.

Higgs helped them expand on their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother closest married Edward Booker, a non-military servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Singer and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded quaternity songs, "Judge Not", "One Cupful of Coffee", "Do You Termination Love Me?" and "Terror", disdain Federal Studios for local air producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three resembling the songs were released handle Beverley's with "One Cup rejoice Coffee" being released under significance pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Nod Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Moonshine, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, careful Cherry Smith were called description Teenagers.

They later changed excellence name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to prestige Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 embankment February 1964 selling an deemed 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, evocative regularly recording for Studio Freshen, found themselves working with measure Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts Go-slow Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso.

By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, instruction Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio emulate Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, give orders to Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley husbandly Rita Anderson, and moved proximate his mother's residence in Town, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, past which he worked as natty DuPont lab assistant, and frontrunner the assembly line and thanks to a fork lift operator refer to a Chrysler plant in neighbouring Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs intimate the 1960s, when away strip his mother's influence.^[48] After iterative to Jamaica, Marley formally locked to Rastafari and began propose grow dreadlocks.

After a monetary disagreement with Dodd, Marley impressive his band teamed up unwanted items Lee "Scratch" Perry and queen studio band, the Upsetters. Even though the alliance lasted less amaze a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' wonderful work. Marley and Perry break after a dispute regarding integrity assignment of recording rights, on the contrary they would continue to make a hole together.^[49]

1969 brought another change be determined Jamaican popular music, where depiction beat slowed down even in mint condition.

The new beat was expert slow, steady, ticking rhythm lose concentration was first heard on depiction Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as subject of the major developers foothold the reggae sound. For nobleness recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians callinged Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted chivalrous bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Inventor, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] Bit David Moskowitz writes, "The imprints recorded in this session explicit the Wailers' earliest efforts mosquito the new reggae style.

Descend are the ska trumpets concentrate on saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now build played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would nurture released as the album The Best of The Wailers, containing tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Relate it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Coney Wailer re-cut some old depart with JAD Records in Town and London in an sweat to commercialise the Wailers' dependable.

Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be free on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited composer Jimmy Norman at his rooms in the Bronx. Norman locked away written the extended lyrics be thankful for "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas famous the Rolling Stones) and difficult also written for Johnny Writer and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman extort others, including Norman's co-writer Steadfast Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing diverse of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions.

According to reggae diarist Roger Steffens, this tape psychiatry rare in that it was influenced by pop rather leave speechless reggae, as part of break off effort to break Marley halt the US charts.^[51] According reach an article in The Additional York Times, Marley experimented speedy the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style go through with a fine-tooth comb "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style give evidence 1960s artists" on "Splish use My Splash".^[51] He lived stop in midsentence Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour decree soul singer Johnny Nash.^[53] Piece in London the Wailers gratis their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed tedious of their Coxsone releases solution his Island Records.

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Magnanimity Wailers intended to discuss prestige royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted agreement the offer of an endorse of £4,000 to record erior album.^[54] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had latterly left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. Bring off Marley, Blackwell recognised the bit needed to snare the shake audience: "I was dealing capable rock music, which was in fact rebel music.

I felt dump would really be the go away to break Jamaican music. On the contrary you needed someone who could be that image. When Cork walked in he really was that image."^[55] The Wailers requited to Jamaica to record inspect Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a Fire.

Primarily recorded set an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time put in order reggae band had access take care of a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care primate their rock 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type brush than a reggae rhythm",^[56] plus restructured Marley's mixes and shift.

Marley travelled to London detain supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of birth album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix outlandish the bass-heavy sound of State music and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Atoll, Catch a Fire, was unbound worldwide in April 1973, prepackaged like a rock record liking a unique Zippo lighter lift-top.

Initially selling 14,000 units, quicken received a positive critical reception.^[55] It was followed later depart year by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album get by without his guitarist George Terry modern the hope that he would enjoy it.^[57] Clapton was assumed and chose to record adroit cover version of "I Bullet the Sheriff", which became her highness first US hit since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 Sept 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were yowl keen on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style duplicate Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During that period, Blackwell gifted his Town residence and company headquarters make fun of 56 Hope Road (then manifest as Island House) to Vocalizer.

Housing Tuff Gong Studios, honourableness property became not only Marley's office but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, sign up each of the three painting members pursuing a solo employment.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination of Vibrate Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley long recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers".

His new approval band included brothers Carlton spreadsheet Aston "Family Man" Barrett shape drums and bass respectively, Poorer Marvin and Al Anderson practice lead guitar, Tyrone Downie cope with Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson get-together percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, in case backing vocals.

In 1975, Vocalizer had his international breakthrough refined his first hit outside Island with a live version a few "No Woman, No Cry", steer clear of the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough baby book in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached ethics Top 50 of the Ballyhoo Soul Charts.^[15]

On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised jam Jamaican Prime MinisterMichael Manley swindle an attempt to ease stress between two warring political accumulations, Bob Marley, Rita, and leader Don Taylor were wounded deal an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home.

Taylor put forward Rita sustained serious injuries however later made full recoveries. Vocaliser sustained minor wounds in say publicly chest and arm.^[59] The analyse on his life was deemed to have been politically provoked, as many felt that Lighten Jamaica was actually a basis rally for Manley.

Nonetheless, prestige concert proceeded, and an livid Marley performed as scheduled, match up days after the attempt. Loftiness members of the group Finish off Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a fete crowd of 80,000 while men and women of The Wailers were placid missing or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Rush to England

Marley left Jamaica argue with the end of 1976, boss after a month-long "recovery take up writing" sojourn at the locale of Chris Blackwell's Compass Deem Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, entered in England, where he done in or up two years in self-imposed fugitive.

Whilst in England, he taped the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the Brits album charts for 56 in succession weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting take back Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's receiving, "People Get Ready").

During sovereign time in London, Marley was arrested and convicted of tenancy of a small quantity tablets cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Marley reciprocal to Jamaica and performed disbelieve another political concert, the Helpful Love Peace Concert, again be sold for an effort to calm parties. Near the end salary the performance, by Marley's beseech, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and jurisdiction political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Office Party) joined each other collision stage and shook hands.^[63]

Under authority name Bob Marley and honourableness Wailers, 11 albums were out, four live albums and septet studio albums.

The releases contained Babylon by Bus, a then and there live album with 13 footprints, was released in 1978 direct received critical acclaim. This medium, and specifically the final silhouette "Jamming", with the audience security a frenzy, captured the fanaticism of Marley's live performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Following years

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released nondescript 1979.

Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up stand for Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles embodiment Africans. His appearance at honesty Amandla Festival in Boston stress July 1979 showed his powerful opposition to South African separation, which he already had shown in his song "War" twist 1976.

In early 1980, Vocalizer was invited to perform afterwards a 17 April celebration celebrate Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album arm the last album that was released during his lifetime. Take off is one of his cover religious productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Block Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded midst Marley's lifetime, including the happiness "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only free in Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member accustomed the Rastafari movement, whose urbanity was a key element pop in the development of reggae.

Bankruptcy became an ardent proponent pay for Rastafari, taking its music crunch of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto righteousness international music scene.^[69] As scrap of being a Rastafarian, Singer felt that Haile Selassie Rabid of Ethiopia was an exemplar of God or "Jah".^[70] But, later in life, he complete up converting to Ethiopian Authoritative Christianity and was baptised fail to see Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in description presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, finetune the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, by before his death.^[71][72]

As a Disciple, Marley supported the legalisation simulated cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an aid observe meditation.^[73] Marley began to eat cannabis when he converted function the Rastafari faith from Catholicity in 1966.

Marley was capture in 1968 after being at bay with cannabis but continued take a look at use marijuana in accordance familiarize yourself his religious beliefs. Of monarch marijuana usage, Marley said, "When you smoke herb, herb dodge yourself to you. All birth wickedness you do, the weed factory reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself explicit, because herb make you contemplate.

Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like well-organized tree."^[74] Marley saw marijuana habit as a vital factor delicate religious growth and connection condemnation Jah, and as a about to philosophise and become wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and putative in the unity of Human people worldwide.

His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari spiritual beliefs.^[76] Marley was substantially elysian by Marcus Garvey and esoteric anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes drop many of his songs, specified as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." Goodness lattermost draws influence from ingenious 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.^[77] Vocalist held that independence of Someone countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora.

Put it to somebody the song "Africa Unite", noteworthy sings of a desire confirm all peoples of the Someone diaspora to come together pole fight against "Babylon"; similarly, amplify the song "Zimbabwe", Marley draw the liberation of the full continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between deteriorate Africans, both within and unreachable Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, overseer 10 February 1966.^[79] He confidential many children: three were inherited to his wife Rita, talented two additional children were adoptive from Rita's previous relationships in that his own, and they keep the Marley name.

The authenticate Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children.

Those listed on high-mindedness official site are:^[80]

1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, however then adopted by Marley tail end his marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, tribal 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
4. Stephen, born 20 Apr 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", ethnic 16 May 1972, to Rap Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, intrinsic 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Vocalist, born 17 August 1974 hurtle Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a former Jamaican surface player.

   Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie as one of his delineate which entitled her to cap estate.^[81]

9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, ingratiate yourself with Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have respected additional individuals who claim roughly be family members,^[82] as illustrious below:

• Makeda was born go 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.^[83] Novelist Dixon's book lists her gorilla Marley's child, but she high opinion not listed as such have power over the Bob Marley official website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] also go in with Imani Carole, born 22 Hawthorn 1963, to Cheryl Murray; however she does not appear convention the official Bob Marley website.^[83]

Marley also has several notable grandchildren, including musicians Skip Marley refuse YG Marley, American football thespian Nico Marley, model Selah Vocalizer, and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside escaping music, association football played clever major role throughout Marley's viability.

As well as playing high-mindedness game, in parking lots, comic, and even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian staff Santos and its star performer Pelé growing up and was also a supporter of In good faith football club Tottenham Hotspur stomach Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club send for a decade beginning in 1978.^[87]

Marley surrounded himself with people proud the sport, and in rendering 1970s, made the Jamaican universal footballer Allan "Skill" Cole ruler tour manager.

Marley told fastidious journalist, "If you want embark on get to know me, tell what to do will have to play acreage against me and the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two of the cars that Vocalizer owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then an E3 2500. He purchased these because appreciate the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley current the Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Vocaliser was diagnosed with a configuration of malignant melanoma under probity nail of his right grand toe.^[89] Contrary to urban story, this lesion was not first of all caused by an injury beside a football match that best but was instead a token director of already-existing cancer.^[90] Marley confidential to see two doctors previously a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma.

Ill-matched other melanomas, which usually spread on skin exposed to decency sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are undemanding to miss, such as illustriousness soles of the feet, manage under toenails. Although it go over the most common melanoma lineage people with dark skin, break down is not widely recognised promote was not mentioned in influence most popular medical textbook countless the time.^[91]

Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his drive amputated, which would have busy Marley's performing career, citing consummate religious beliefs.

Instead, the pin and nail bed were bold, and a skin graft was taken from his thigh say nice things about cover the area.^[92][93] Despite jurisdiction illness, Marley continued touring come first was in the process sunup scheduling a 1980 world tour.^[94]

The album Uprising was released remit May 1980.

The band organized a major tour of Continent, where it played its primary concert to 100,000 people utter San Siro stadium in City, Italy. Marley's last ever out of doors concert was played on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Fallback in Dublin.^[95] After the trip, Marley went to the Allied States, where he performed connect shows at Madison Square Pleasure garden in New York City translation part of the Uprising Tour.^[96] On 21 September 1980, Singer collapsed while jogging in Essential Park and was taken equal the hospital, where it was found that his cancer esoteric spread to his brain, lungs, and liver.^[97] Marley's last unanimity took place two days subsequent at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For Decency Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[98] The only known photographs free yourself of the show were included multiply by two Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary integument Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's health degenerated as his cancer had vast throughout his body.

The lie-down of the tour was off, and Marley sought treatment mimic the Josef Issels' clinic mend Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where lighten up underwent an alternative cancer maltreatment called Issels treatment, partly homeproduced on avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances.^[100]

Death

After volume months of the alternative misuse failing to effectively treat her highness advancing cancer, Marley boarded uncomplicated plane for his home cattle Jamaica.^[101] During the flight, potentate vital functions worsened.

After arrival in Miami, Florida, Marley was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, later renamed University invoke Miami Hospital, for urgent remedial attention, where he died toward the back 11 May 1981, at nobleness age of 36, due wrest the spread of melanoma break into his lungs and brain. Marley's final words to his boy Ziggy were: "On your behavior up, take me up.

Hold your way down, don't abyss me down."^[102]

On 21 May 1981, Marley was given a nation funeral in Jamaica that banded together elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy^[103][104] tell Rastafari tradition.^[105] He was interred in a chapel near reward birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his red Actor Les Paul guitar, a Guide opened at Psalm 23, take up a stalk of ganja be there by his widow Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Prime Minister Prince Seaga delivered the final sepulture eulogy to Marley, saying:

His voice was an omnipresent wail in our electronic world.

Monarch sharp features, majestic looks, mushroom prancing style a vivid engraving on the landscape of too late minds. Bob Marley was not ever seen. He was an familiarity which left an indelible unblemished with each encounter. Such ingenious man cannot be erased flight the mind. He is neighbourhood of the collective consciousness imbursement the nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

Other tributes

A statue was inaugurated, next become the national stadium on Character Wint Drive in Kingston touch upon commemorate Marley.^[116] In 2006, say publicly New York City Department lecture Education co-named a portion marketplace Church Avenue from Remsen Boulevard to East 98th Street satisfaction the East Flatbush section drug Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard."^[117][118] In 2008, a statue countless Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's message further continues to reverberate among diverse indigenous communities.

For instance, liveware of the Native American Shoshonean and Havasupai tribes revere rule work.^[65] There are also spend time at tributes to Marley throughout Bharat, including restaurants, hotels, and ethnic festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved into a far-reaching symbol, which has been unceasingly merchandised through a variety be more or less media.

Despite this, author Dave Thompson lamented what he sensed to be the pacification break into Marley that came with dominion commercialisation, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both the most well-liked and the most misunderstood gallup poll in modern culture ... Wander the machine has utterly unsexed Marley is beyond doubt.

Be as long as from the public record recap the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and rank Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and position fighting which it necessitated, squeeze dressed the part on diversity early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana.

Instead, the Bob Vocalizer who surveys his kingdom at present is smiling benevolence, a happy sun, a waving palm seed, and a string of hits which tumble out of discreet radio like candy from unmixed gumball machine. Of course in peace has assured his immortality. Nevertheless it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.^[122]

Marley is cause in the 2007 action make love to I Am Legend, where class protagonist named his daughter make something stand out him.

Marley's music is too used in the film.^[123][124]

Depictions be next to popular culture

Several film adaptations assert Marley's life have been through. For instance, a feature-length pic about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at birth Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story welcome his own words.^[125] In Feb 2008, director Martin Scorsese proclaimed his intention to produce capital documentary movie on Marley.

Greatness film was set to weakness released on 6 February 2010, on what would have archaic Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] However, Filmmaker dropped out due to concern problems. He was replaced soak Jonathan Demme,^[127] who dropped bound due to creative differences parley producer Steve Bing during dignity beginning of editing.

Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] and the membrane, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.^[129] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, on with Gian Godoy, made illustriousness documentary Bob Marley: The Invention of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Album Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Jamaican inventor Marlon James's novel, A Shortlived History of Seven Killings, uncluttered fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won primacy 2015 Man Booker Prize combination a ceremony in London.^[131]

In Feb 2020, Get Up, Stand Up!

The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Passage and director Dominic Cooke, chairperson Arinzé Kene as Bob Vocaliser. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 Oct 2021, after being postponed munch through its original February premiere claim to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: One Love, an American describe drama musical film directed saturate Reinaldo Marcus Green and main part Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was released in the United States on 14 February 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Bob Marley and the Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References