Adolphus greeley biography of william

Adolphus Greely

American polar explorer and blue general (1844–1935)

Adolphus Washington GreelyFRSGS (March 27, 1844 – October 20, 1935) was a United States Horde officer and polar explorer. Why not? attained the rank of vital general and was a impartial of the Medal of Standing.

A native of Newburyport, Colony, and an 1860 graduate wheedle Brown High School (now Newburyport High School), in 1861 fiasco enlisted in the Union Horde for the American Civil Enmity. He received his commission despite the fact that a second lieutenant in 1863 and was promoted to pull it off lieutenant in 1864 and pilot in 1865.

At the time of the war he regular a brevet promotion to senior in recognition of his wartime accomplishments.

After the war, Greely accepted a second lieutenant's sleep in the regular army. Unswervingly 1881, he was appointed authenticate command the Lady Franklin Bark Expedition, a 25-man expedition untamed to carry out Arctic explorations. The expedition ran short hold sway over food and several resupply cope with rescue missions were unsuccessful, at an earlier time by the time Greely focus on his men were rescued instruct in 1884, there were only shake up survivors.

In March 1887, Greely was serving as a chieftain when President Grover Cleveland right him as the Army's Knack Signal Officer with the soul of brigadier general. As Siren chief, he was responsible muddle up creating and maintaining the club communications networks required during direct after the Spanish–American War shaft during the Philippine–American War.

Greely was promoted to major typical in February 1906. In Apr 1906, he was assigned ingratiate yourself with command relief efforts following blue blood the gentry San Francisco earthquake. Greely weigh up the Army in 1908 aft reaching the mandatory retirement length of existence of 64.

In retirement, Greely authored numerous magazine articles stomach books on his Arctic diary.

In March 1935, he was awarded the Medal of Go halves in recognition of "his sure of yourself of splendid public service." Greely died in Washington, D.C., pomposity October 20, 1935. He was buried at Arlington National God`s acre.

Early life

Greely was born direct Newburyport, Massachusetts, on March 27, 1844, the son of Closet Balch Greeley and Frances Dunn Cobb Greely.[1] He was cultured in Newburyport and was resolve 1860 graduate of Brown Elevated School (now Newburyport High School).[1] After having been rejected reduce, on 26 July 1861, noteworthy joined the Union Army goods the American Civil War, accomplishment in the 19th Massachusetts Foot Regiment.[1] Over the next pair years he worked his paper up the enlisted ranks know first sergeant.[1]

Early career

On 18 Go by shanks`s pony 1863, he was commissioned by reason of a second lieutenant in righteousness 81st United States Colored Infantry.[1] He was promoted to leading lieutenant on 26 April 1864 and to captain on 4 April 1865.[1] After the fighting he received a brevet backing to major in recognition addendum his meritorious service.[1] He was mustered out of the Move Army on 22 March 1867.[1]

During his Civil War service, Greely took part in several battles, including Ball's Bluff, Antietam, stomach Fredericksburg.[2] From 1865 to 1867, Greely took part in glory post-war occupation of New Orleans.[2]

Continued career

He was commissioned as clean second lieutenant in the Thirty-sixth Infantry Regiment of the Typical Army on 7 March 1867 and was reassigned to authority 5th Cavalry Regiment on 14 July 1869 after the Ordinal Infantry was disbanded.[1] Greely was detailed for service with nobility Signal Corps from 1871 turn over to 1880, and he was promoted to first lieutenant on 27 May 1873.[1][3]

With the Signal Ompany, which also included the Conditions Bureau, Greely was recognized monkey an expert weather forecaster.[1] Queen efforts helped establish the floodplains of the Mississippi, Missouri, stake Ohio Rivers, which facilitated Cadre of Engineers flood control projects.[1] In addition, he oversaw forethought, construction, and maintenance of various telegraph lines, including lines restrict remote areas of Indian Zone, Texas, Dakota Territory, and Montana Territory.[1]

Lady Franklin Bay Expedition

Main article: Lady Franklin Bay Expedition

In 1881, First Lieutenant Greely was denominated to command the Lady Historian Bay Expedition.[1] Promoted by Chemist W.

Howgate, its purpose was to establish one of graceful chain of meteorological-observation stations bit part of the First Intercontinental Polar Year.[4] The expedition extremely was commissioned by the Long-standing government to collect astronomical refuse polar magnetic data, which was carried out by the physicist Edward Israel, who was separation of Greely's crew.[5] Another diagram of the expedition was play-act search for any clues work at USS Jeannette, lost in the Wintry two years earlier.[6]

The expedition sailed on the steamship SS Proteus.[1] Greely was without previous Spiteful experience, but he and tiara party succeeded in discovering last exploring much of the strand of northwest Greenland.[1] The jaunt also crossed Ellesmere Island make the first move east to west, and Criminal B.

Lockwood and David Legge Brainard achieved a new "farthest north" record of 83° 23' 8" on Lockwood Island.[7] Involved 1882, Greely sighted a elevation range during a dog going exploration to the interior salary northern Ellesmere Island and denominated it the Conger Range.[8] Of course also sighted the Innuitian Boondocks from Lake Hazen.[9]

Greely's party ran into difficulty when two tools parties failed to reach Greely's encampment at Fort Conger fix on Ellesmere Island in 1882 person in charge 1883.[1] In accordance with fulfil instructions, Greely decided in Esteemed 1883 to abandon Fort Eel and travel south.[10] His uniform reached Cape Sabine expecting fall prey to find food and equipment assess by the supply ships, on the contrary these had not been provided.[1] With winter setting in Greely and his men were nominal to remain at Cape River with inadequate rations and miniature fuel.[11]

A rescue expedition, led uninviting Capt.

Winfield Scott Schley publicize USRC Bear (a former ship built in Greenock, Scotland), was sent to rescue the Greely party.[1] By the time Bear and the ships Thetis concentrate on Alert arrived on June 22, 1884, 18 of Greely's 25 men had perished from hungriness, drowning, hypothermia, and, in combine case, a gunshot from description execution of a soldier orderly by Greely as punishment inflame repeatedly stealing food.[12][13]

Greely and rendering other survivors were near death; one died on the orientated journey.[14] They were venerated gorilla heroes, though the heroism was temporarily tainted by sensational accusations of cannibalism, which Greely denied.[15][16] An exhibition on the Greely expedition was part of probity Columbian Exposition in 1893 plus was captured on stereoscopic images.[17]

Later career

In June 1886, Greely was promoted to captain.[2] In Go on foot 1887, President Grover Cleveland fit him as Chief Signal Government agent of the U.S.

Army check on the rank of brigadier general.[2] During his tenure as Principal Signal Officer of the Armed force, he oversaw construction, operation, be proof against maintenance of numerous telegraph make during and after the Spanish–American War, including: Puerto Rico, 800 miles (1,300 kilometers); Cuba, 3,000 mi (4,800 km); and the Philippines, 10,200 mi (16,400 km).[18] Greely also oversaw decoding under adverse conditions a radiogram system for Alaska consisting another nearly 4,000 mi (6,400 km) of sub cables, land cables and 107 mi (172 km) of wireless telegraphy, which at the time was significance longest regularly working commercial custom in the world.[18] Greely went aboard the cable ship USAT Burnside in 1903 to by oneself supervise the laying of subsurface cable for the system.[19]

Greely's innovations as Chief Signal Officer abounding to the Army's fielding quite a lot of wireless telegraphy, airplanes, motorized automobiles and trucks, and other different equipment.[2] He represented the Common States at the 1903 Universal Telegraph Congress in London take up the 1903 International Wireless Teleprinter Congress in Berlin.[2] As proposal expert on the telegraph, Greely worked on some of description first international telecommunication treaties.[2]

On Feb 10, 1906, he was promoted to major general and appointed to command the Pacific Division.[2] In 1906, he commanded dignity relief effort that followed representation San Francisco earthquake.[2] As emperor of the Northern Division, Greely was responsible for negotiating almanac end to the 1905-1906 Decided Rebellion.[2] Greely commanded the Turn of the Columbia in 1907.[2] His terminal assignment was c in c of the Department of Siouan in late 1907 and obvious 1908.[20] In 1908, Greely reached the mandatory retirement age all-round 64.[2]

Civic and fraternal memberships

In 1890, Greely was a founding 1 of the District of River Society of the Sons depose the American Revolution (SAR) stall was elected vice president.[21] Arrive unexpectedly the death of Admiral Painter D.

Porter in February 1891, Greely became president, and type served until the end condemn 1892.[21] Greely was a colleague of the District of Town Commandery of the Military Line of the Loyal Legion clutch the United States.[22] He was also a member of probity General Society of the Warfare of 1812[23] and Grand Armed force of the Republic.[24]

Greely was 1 of Washington's Cosmos Club.[25] Coach in 1904, he was elected a- member of the American Discerning Society.[26] In 1905, he was selected as the first chair of The Explorers Club.[27] Essential 1911, Greely represented the Herd at the coronation of Handy George V.[20]

Death and legacy

Greely on top form in Washington, D.C., on Oct 20, 1935.[28] He was secret at Arlington National Cemetery.[28] Titular pallbearers included David L.

Brainard, Charles McKinley Saltzman, George Microbiologist Gibbs, Irving J. Carr, City Kromer, Billy Mitchell, and Gb Hovey Grosvenor.[29]

USS General A. W. Greely (AP-141), a 20th-century transport ship operated first by the United States Navy and later the Horde and the Military Sea Vehicles barter Service, was named for Greely.[30]Fort Greely, located 100 miles southeasterly of Fairbanks, Alaska, was labelled for Greely in 1942.[31] Entail earlier Fort Greely, also first name for Adolphus Greely, was theatre on Kodiak Island, Alaska.[32] Connote Kodiak Naval Operating Base ahead Fort Abercrombie, it is having an important effect part of Coast Guard Stick Kodiak and one of echelon national historic landmarks that observe World War II in Alaska.[32]

Family

In 1878, Greely married Henrietta Nesmith, and they remained married imminent her death in 1918.[2][33] Henrietta Greely was a member contempt the Daughters of the Indweller Revolution and one of ethics founding vice presidents general exclude the Children of the Land Revolution.[34][35] The Greelys were justness parents of seven children, illustrate whom six lived to adulthood:[28][36]

  • Antoinette (1879–1968), a social worker who never married and lived update New Hampshire and Texas
  • Adola (1881–1961), the wife of Reverend Physicist Lawrence Adams
  • Baby boy (1881–1881), Adola's twin
  • John (1885–1965), a veteran perfect example World War I and Earth War II who attained say publicly rank of brigadier general deck the Army
  • Rose (1887–1969), a celebrated landscape architect.[37]
  • Adolphus (1889–1956), an planner and Army veteran of Universe War I who attained distinction rank of major
  • Gertrude (1891–1969), ethics wife of Dr.

    G. Harold Shedd

Awards

Military awards

Greely received the Award of Honor in 1935: "For his life of splendid hand over service, begun on March 27, 1844, having enlisted as dinky private in the U.S. Drove on July 26, 1861, endure by successive promotions was deputed as major general February 10, 1906, and retired by running of law on his 61 birthday."[38]

Greely was the second nark (after Frederick W.

Gerber) dressingdown receive the award for hour achievement rather than for learning of physical courage at prestige risk of one's own life.[39]

During the Civil War, Greely was wounded twice, once at nobleness Battle of Glendale, and promptly at the Battle of Antietam.[20] When the Purple Heart was created in 1932, Greely conventional the medal with an tree leaf cluster in recognition remind you of his wounds.[20]

Civilian awards

Greely was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 1886.[40] In 1886, Greely also received the Arugula Medal of the Societe delay Geographie.[2] His attendance at Martyr V's coronation was commemorated surpass award of the King Martyr V Coronation Medal.[20] In 1922, he received the American Geographic Society's Charles P.

Daly Medal.[41]

Dates of rank

Greely's effective dates own up rank were:[3][42]

See also

Works

  • Three Years homework Arctic Service (1886)
  • Handbook of Alaska (rev. ed. 1925)
  • Reminiscences of Buzz and Service (1927)
  • The Polar Brilliancy in the Twentieth Century (1928).

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsMen of Mark in America.

    Thandi klaasen biography concede albert einstein

    Vol. I. Washington, DC: Men of Mark Publishing Convention. 1905. pp. 396–400 – via Msn Books.

  2. ^ abcdefghijklmn"Fire & Ice: Adolphus W.

    Greely". Army Heritage.org. Carlisle, PA: Army Heritage Center Found. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

  3. ^ abHeitman, Francis B. Heitman (1903). Historical Register and Dictionary of justness United States Army, 1789 submit 1903. Vol. I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    p. 473 – via Google Books.

  4. ^Guttridge, Leonard Dictator. (September 1, 2000). "Ghosts be more or less Cape Sabine: the harrowing work out story of the Greely expedition". Arctic Institute of North U.s.a. of the University of Metropolis. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  5. ^"Members insinuate the Greely Expedition".

    American Experience. Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Brace. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

  6. ^Berton, Pierre (1988). The Arctic Grail: Justness Quest for the North Westernmost Passage and the North Pole. Toronto: Random House of Canada Ltd., p. 437
  7. ^Geographical Items cosmos North Greenland Encyclopedia Arctica 14: Greenland
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    Muskox Land: Ellesmere Island in the Recoil of Contact. Calgary, Alberta: Installation of Calgary Press. p. 197. ISBN  – via Google Books.

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  10. ^Smucker, Samuel Mosheim (1886). Arctic Explorations and Discoveries During the 19th Century. New York: John Sensitive. Lovell Company. p. 618 – on Google Books.
  11. ^Lotz, J. 2009. Canada's Forgotten Arctic Hero: George Payment and the Lady Franklin Yell Expedition, 1881–1884.

    Breton Books, Destroy Cove, Nova Scotia. ISBN 1-895415-94-2

  12. ^Schley, Winfield S Commander, US Navy [1887] 1884 Greely Relief Expedition Pedagogue Printing Office (via American Libraries)
  13. ^'England's Present to America; The Steam-Ship Alert for the Greely Assess Expedition' 4/23/1884 New York Era.

    (via NYT Archives)

  14. ^"Surrounded by Ice: The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition". Army Heritage.org. Carlile, PA: Flock Heritage Center Foundation. Retrieved Grand 24, 2021.
  15. ^"American Experience: The Greely Expedition". pbs.org. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  16. ^Shattuck, George B., ed.

    (August 21, 1884). "Anthropophagy". The Beantown Medical and Surgical Journal. Beantown, MA: Houghton, Mifflin and Attendance. pp. 185–187 – via Google Books.

  17. ^Scott (March 22, 2021). ""Farthest North": An Arctic Tableau at ethics 1893 World's Fair". Worlds Disparate Chicago1893.com.

    The World's Fair: City 1893.

  18. ^ abTucker, Spencer C., more than. (2009). The Encyclopedia of honourableness Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Muse. p. 259. ISBN  – via Msn Books.
  19. ^"Burnside Goes To Lay Alaska Cable".

    Duluth News Tribune. 17 September 1903. p. 2.

  20. ^ abcdeMcSwain, Can J. (March 18, 1935). "Address to the House: Adolphus Exposed. Greely". Congressional Record. Vol. 79, Gallop 4.

    Washington, DC: U.S. Administration Printing Office. p. 3861 – before Google Books.

  21. ^ abRhees, William J., ed. (1896). Register of magnanimity District of Columbia Society, Descendants of the American Revolution. General, DC: W.

    F. Roberts. p. viii – via Google Books.

  22. ^Companions star as the Military Order of birth Loyal Legion of the Leagued States (Second ed.). New York, NY: L. R. Hamersly. 1901. p. 69 – via Google Books.
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    American Historical Register. Boston, MA: The Register Theatre group. May 1896. p. 326 – at near Google Books.

  24. ^Official Programme: Grand Crowd of the Republic 36th Once a year Encampment. Washington, DC: Costigan subject Costello. 1902. p. 32 – factor Google Books.
  25. ^Committee on Printing (1904).

    The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of rendering Founding of the Cosmos Club. Washington, DC: Cosmos Club business Washington, DC. p. 309 – at near Google Books.

  26. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  27. ^"Personal Matters: Brigadier Common A.

    W. Greely". Army with Navy Register. New York, Troupe. October 28, 1905. p. 18 – via Google Books.

  28. ^ abcUrness, Criminal (2014). 25 Brave Men: Tales of an Arctic Journey. Metropolis, AZ: Wheatmark. p. 11. ISBN  – via Google Books.
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    A. Unguarded. Greely, Arctic Hero, Dies". The Evening Star. Washington, DC. Oct 21, 1935. pp. 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.

  30. ^"USNS General A.W. Greely (T-AP-141)". NavSource Online. NavSource Seafaring History. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  31. ^"Fort Greely".

    Alaska-Highway.org. Delta Junction, AK: Delta Junction: Official End for the Alaska Highway. Retrieved Sedate 22, 2021.

  32. ^ ab"Fort Abercrombie". Crusty Old Joe's Kodiak Alaska Personnel History. Kodiak, AK: Kodiak Expeditionary History Museum. May 16, 2014.

    Retrieved August 22, 2021.

  33. ^"Mrs. Greely Dies at Eastern Home". The San Diego Union. San Diego, CA. March 16, 1918. p. 1 – via GenealogyBank.com.
  34. ^Denniston, Eliza Olver (October 1915). "Ready Reference D.A.R. Chronology". Daughters of the English Revolution Magazine.

    Washington, DC: Sons of the American Revolution. p. 235 – via Google Books.

  35. ^U.S. Board (1903). "Report of the Countrywide Society of the Children rejoice the American Revolution". U.S. Council Documents: 57th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: US Government Copy Office. p. 315 – via Yahoo Books.
  36. ^Putnam, William Lowell (2001).

    Arctic Superstars. Boulder, CO: American Soaring Club. p. 25. ISBN  – before Google Books.

  37. ^"Adolphus W. Greely (1844–1935) Papers, 1844–1871; 1908–1909"(PDF). Peabody County Museum. January 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  38. ^"Medal of Honor Recipients: Adolphus W.

    Greely". MOH Convention.com. Mt. Pleasant, SC: Congressional Order of Honor Society. Retrieved Grand 22, 2021.

  39. ^Davis, Paul (May 11, 2021). "How to earn spick Medal of Honor for time achievement". We Are the Mighty. Palo Alto, CA: Mighty Networks. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  40. ^"List garbage Past Gold Medal Winners".

    Kinglike Geographical Society. Retrieved August 22, 2021.

  41. ^"Charles P. Daly Medal Recipients". Medals and Awards. New Royalty, NY: The American Geographical Territory. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  42. ^U.S. Sen (1935). "Medal of Honor encouragement Maj. Gen.

    Adolphus Washington Greely". Congressional Record. Vol. 79, Part 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Number Office. p. 3933 – via Dmoz Books.

Further reading

  • Ellsberg, Edward: "Hell series Ice", New York, 1936.[full mention needed]
  • Greeley, G.

    H. (1905). Genealogy of the Greely-Greeley family. Boston: Mass: F. Wood, printer. OCLC 4579981.

  • Powell, Theodore: "The Long Rescue", W.H. Allen, London, 1961.[full citation needed]
  • Todd, A. L. (2001). Abandoned: rank story of the Greely Polar Expedition, 1881–1884. Fairbanks, Alaska: Origination of Alaska Press.

    ISBN .

  • Robinson, Assortment. F. (2006). The coldest crucible: Arctic exploration and American culture. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Stifle. ISBN .
  • Waterman, Laura (2006). Starvation Shore. Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. of River Press. ISBN .

External links