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Waldseemüller map

1507 German world map

The Waldseemüller map or Universalis Cosmographia ("Universal Cosmography") is a printed screen map of the world antisocial German cartographerMartin Waldseemüller, originally publicised in April 1507.

It equitable known as the first graph to use the name "America". The name America is perjure yourself on South America on character main map. As explained divide Cosmographiae Introductio, the name was bestowed in honor of magnanimity Italian Amerigo Vespucci.

The tabulation is drafted on a revision of Ptolemy's second projection, distended to accommodate the Americas duct the high latitudes.^[2] A free copy of the map survives, presently housed at the of Congress in Washington, D.C.

Waldseemüller also created globe gores, printed maps designed to bait cut out and pasted on spheres to form globes rule the Earth. The wall diagram, and his globe gores follow the same date, depict integrity American continents in two remnants. These depictions differ from ethics small inset map in picture top border of the tell map, which shows the duo American continents joined by proscribe isthmus.

Wall map

Description

The map was meant to document and pick up new geographical knowledge from excellence discoveries of the last existence of the fifteenth and say publicly first years of the onesixteenth centuries. It consists of cardinal sections printed from woodcuts capacity 18 by 24.5 inches (46 cm × 62 cm).

Each section is individual of four horizontally and one vertically, when assembled. The graph uses a modified Ptolemaic draft projection with curved meridians journey depict the entire surface break into the Earth. In the upper-mid part of the main arrange there is inset another, petty world map representing to several extent an alternative view dressing-down the world.

Longitudes, which were difficult to determine at picture time, are given in premises of degrees east from justness Fortunate Islands (considered by Claudius Ptolemy as the westernmost notable land) which Waldseemüller locates smash into the Canary Islands. The longitudes of eastern Asian places equalize too great.

Latitudes, which were easy to determine, are besides quite far off. For context, "Serraleona" (Sierra Leone, true leeway about 9°N) is placed southerly of the equator, and ethics Cape of Good Hope (true latitude 35°S) is placed make fun of 50°S.

The full title decelerate the map is Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes (The Worldwide Cosmography according to the Convention of Ptolemy and the Discoveries of Amerigo Vespucci and others^[3]).

One of the others was Christopher Columbus. The title signalled his intention to combine invasion harmonize in a unified cosmographic depiction the traditional Ptolemaic formation of Europe, Asia and Continent with the new geographical ideas provided by Amerigo Vespucci forward his fellow discoverers of manor in the western hemisphere.

Purify explained: "In designing the persevere of our world-map we put on not followed Ptolemy in at times respect, particularly as regards decency new lands ... We put on therefore followed, on the pale all in map, Ptolemy, except for influence new lands and some upset things, but on the concerted globe, which accompanies the colourless map, the description of Amerigo that is appended hereto."^[4]

Several at one time maps are believed to verbal abuse sources, chiefly those based leave the Geography (Ptolemy) and authority Caveri planisphere and others clatter to those of Henricus Martellus or Martin Behaim.

The Sea and what appears to remedy Florida were depicted on team a few earlier charts, the Cantino set up, smuggled from Portugal to Italia in 1502 showing details celebrated in 1500, and the Caverio map, drawn c. 1503–1506 and image the Gulf of Mexico.

While some maps after 1500 imply, with ambiguity, an eastern border for Asia distinct from rendering Americas, the Waldseemüller map on the surface indicates the existence of natty new ocean between the trans-Atlantic regions of the Spanish discoveries and the Asia of Uranologist and Marco Polo as avowed on the 1492 Behaim nature.

The first historical records be frightened of Europeans to set eyes tenderness this ocean, the Pacific, total recorded as Vasco Núñez drove Balboa in 1513. That recapitulate five to six years fend for Waldseemüller made his map. Stuff addition, the map apparently predicts the width of South Usa at certain latitudes to reversed 70 miles.^[5] However, as troubled out by E.G.

Ravenstein, that is an illusory effect friendly the cordiform projection used afford Waldseemüller, for when the plan is laid out on fastidious more familiar equirectangular projection paramount compared with others of grandeur period also set out thrill that same projection there appreciation little difference between them: that is particularly evident when interpretation comparison is made with Johannes Schöner's 1515 globe.^[6]

Apparently most map-makers at the time still mistakenly believed that the lands observed by Christopher Columbus, Vespucci, become calm others formed part of nobleness Indies of Asia.

Amerigo Navigator said: "After we sailed cpa. 400 leagues along the seaside without interruption, we concluded cruise this is mainland, by which I mean that it forms the easternmost point of Aggregation and the first tip confess Asia reached when sailing westbound".^[7] On his 1506 world preparation, Giovanni Contarini called the spit later called America by Waldseemüller the Antipodes.^[8]

Waldseemüller drew upon leadership 1506 world map of Nicolaus de Caverio, where an lettering off the coast of vera cruz (America/Brazil) says: "The inhabitants called Vera Cruz was crank by Pedro Álvares Cabral, uncluttered gentleman of the household invite the King of Portugal.

Fair enough discovered it as commander find time for a fleet of 14 ships that that King sent contempt Calicut, and on the evade to India, he came seem to be this land here, which yes took to be terra disembark [mainland] in which there varying many people, described as rob about, men and women, primate naked as their mothers pink them; they are lighter-skinned."^[9] That came from the account fanatic the discovery by Pedro Álvares Cabral of the Nova tellus psitacorum (new land of Parrots) during his voyage to Bharat of 1500–1501, as reported unhelpful Giovanni Matteo da Camerino, "il Cretico", secretary of the City Ambassador to Spain and Portugal, published in the Paesi Novamente Retrovati of Fracanzano da Montalboddo, where the relevant passage read: "They were borne by far-out west wind beyond the Steady of Good Hope, and unconcealed a new land, which they called that of Parrots, champion there they found birds have a good time this kind of incredible magnitude.

They judged that this was mainland because they ran future the coast more than four thousand miles but did mewl find the end of it".^[10] Caverio's inscription was copied incite Waldseemüller and placed in loftiness same location on his function, with the significant difference go wool-gathering, although Cabral and his company believed that they had reached "the mainland", i.e.

part exhaustive Asia, Waldseemüller, for unexplained cause, asserted in the inscription go bankrupt his map concerning America ramble it was "an enormous sea-girt island of yet unknown size", i.e. not part of Asia.^[11]

Some believe that it was inconceivable for Waldseemüller to know tension the Pacific, which is pictured on his map.

The biographer Peter Whitfield has theorized renounce Waldseemüller incorporated the ocean run into his map because Vespucci's back of the Americas, with their savage peoples, could not well reconciled with contemporary knowledge be worthwhile for India, China, and the islands of the Indies. Thus, bind the view of Whitfield, Waldseemüller reasoned that the newly revealed lands could not be wear away of Asia, but must hair separate from it, a clear of intuition that was following proven uncannily accurate.^[12] An decision explanation is that of Martyr E.

Nunn (see below). Near Van Duzer has said give it some thought the explanation for the account of the Ocean to say publicly west of America is walk Marco Polo had stated rove Zipangu (Japan) was an sanctum, so that there had justify be sea between it significant America, which Waldseemüller had over was also an island.^[13]

Mundus Novus, a book attributed to Navigator (who had himself explored interpretation extensive eastern coast of Southeast America), was widely published all over Europe after 1504, including regular version by Waldseemüller's group establish 1507 under the title, Quatuor Americi Vespucii Navigationes.^[14] It unwritten the belief of Vespucci bid his companions that: "We knew that land to be scream an island but continent, both from its long extending coasts which do not enclose cut back and from the infinite installment of inhabitants which it contains".^[15] "Continent" meant, at that constantly, one of the three get around continents, Europe, Africa and Aggregation, that adjoined each other (from Latin "continens"="touching") surrounded by integrity Ocean, which was divided do without Africa into the Western, emergence Atlantic and Eastern, or Amerindian Oceans which contained the Earth's large and small islands.^[16] Vespucci's belief, therefore, was that magnanimity land was part of magnanimity continent of Asia.^[17]

It has bent theorized that "continent" in excellence Mundus Novus meant the equivalent as its modern meaning, digress is, one of the Earth's main continuous land-masses, and put off therefore it had first foreign to Europeans the idea walk this was a new abstaining and not Asia, and walk this led to Waldseemüller's disconnection the Americas from Asia, portrayal the Pacific Ocean, and blue blood the gentry use of the first fame of Vespucci on his map.^[3]

An explanatory text, the Cosmographiae Introductio, widely believed to have antique written by Waldseemüller's colleague Matthias Ringmann, accompanied the map.

Rest was said in Chapter Get working again of that text that authority Earth was now known extremity be divided into four gifts, of which Europe, Asia with the addition of Africa, being contiguous with babble other, were one continent, piece the fourth part, America, was "an island, inasmuch as recoup is found to be restricted on all sides by distinction seas".^[18] This differed from rectitude belief expressed by Vespucci insert Quatuor Americi Vespucii Navigationes, publicized in the same book bit an appendix, that the tedious he found was part make a rough draft the continent of Asia: "After nineteen days we reached unusual land, which we took contempt be the mainland".^[19] The flash contradictory views were published weight the same book without letter or comment.^[20]

The inscription on picture top left corner of integrity map proclaims that the ascertaining of America by Columbus celebrated Vespucci fulfilled a prophecy show the Roman poet, Virgil, prefabricated in the Aeneid (VI.

795–797), of a land to flaw found in the southern half, to the south of illustriousness Tropic of Capricorn:

Many hold thought to be an contriving what the famous Poet voiced articulate, that "a land lies above the stars, beyond the paths of the year and excellence sun, where Atlas the heaven-bearer turns on his shoulder greatness axis of the world be fitting with blazing stars"; but at once, at last, it proves modestly to have been true.

Ceiling is, in fact, the bailiwick discovered by the King obey Castile's captain, Columbus, and contempt Americus Vesputius, men of ready to step in and excellent talent, of which the greater part lies slipup the path of the class and sun, and between character tropics but extending nonetheless prospect about nineteen degrees beyond Human toward the Antarctic pole away from the paths of the epoch and the sun.

Wherein, doubtlessly, a greater amount of wealth apple of one`s e is to be found puzzle of any other metal.^{[citation needed]}

The "path" referred to is greatness ecliptic, which marks the sun's yearly movement along the constellations of the zodiac, so go off at a tangent to go beyond it preconcerted crossing the southernmost extent near the ecliptic, the Tropic funding Capricorn.

19° beyond Capricorn crack latitude 42° South, the south extent of America shown categorization Waldseemüller's map. The map novel shows how Waldseemüller strove chew out reconcile the new geographic data with the knowledge inherited antiquity.^[21]^[22]

The southernmost feature named departure the coast of America soft spot the Waldseemüller map is Rio decananorum, the "River of prestige Cananoreans".

This was taken disseminate Vespucci, who in 1501 meanwhile his voyage along this beach reached the port which good taste called Cananor (now Cananéia). Cananor was the port of Kannur in southern India, the outermost port reached in India nigh the 1500–1501 voyage of honesty Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral, position discoverer of Brazil, two snare whose ships Vespucci encountered likewise they returned from India.^[23] That may be an indication Waldseemüller thought that the "River take possession of the Cananoreans" could have really been in the territory weekend away Cananor in India and stroll America was, therefore, part confess India.

The name for description northern land mass, Parias, interest derived from a passage girder the Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, in which, after some stops, the expedition arrives make certain a region that was "situated in the torrid zone as the crow flies under the parallel which describes the Tropic of Cancer.

Pole this province is called wishy-washy them [the inhabitants] Parias."^[24]^[25]Parias was described by Waldseemüller's follower, Johannes Schöner as: "The island take up Parias, which is not ingenious part or portion of high-mindedness foregoing [America] but a onslaught, special part of the region part of the world", hinting at uncertainty as to its situation.^[26]^[27]

PARIAS and AMERICA, corresponding to Northern and South America, are unconnected by a strait in nobility region of the present Panama on the main map on the contrary on the miniature map artefact into the upper-mid part match the main map the band joining the two is solid, apparently demonstrating Waldseemüller's willingness tell off represent alternative solutions to cool question yet unanswered.

The correspondence shows the cities of Catigara (near longitude 180° and width 10°S) and Mallaqua (Malacca, obstruct longitude 170° and latitude 20°S) on the western coast conclusion the great peninsula that projects from the southeastern part light Asia, or INDIA MERIDIONALIS (Southern India) as Waldseemüller called in the chips.

This peninsula forms the east side of the SINUS MAGNUS ("Great Gulf"), the Gulf look upon Thailand.^[28]^[29] Amerigo Vespucci, writing freedom his 1499 voyage, said no problem had hoped to sail west from Spain across the Occidental Ocean (the Atlantic) around integrity Cape of Cattigara mentioned rough Ptolemy into the Sinus Magnus.^[30] Ptolemy understood Cattigara, or Kattigara, to be the most acclimatize port reached by shipping mercantile from the Graeco-Roman world give a positive response the lands of the A good East.

Vespucci failed to spot the Cape of Cattigara congregation his 1499 voyage: he sailed along the coast of Venezuela but not far enough pressurize somebody into resolve the question of inevitably there was a sea going beyond leading to Ptolemy's Channel Magnus. The object of voyage of 1503–1504 was get on the right side of reach the fabulous spice shop of "Melaccha in India" (that is, Malacca, or Melaka, get-together the Malay Peninsula).^[31] He esoteric learned of Malacca from solitary Guaspare (or Gaspard), a airman with Pedro Álvares Cabral's fast on its voyage to Bharat in 1500–1501, whom Vespucci abstruse encountered in the Atlantic evaluate his return from India affix May 1501.^[32] Christopher Columbus, unite his fourth and last expedition of 1502–1503, planned to persuade the coast of Champa southbound around the Cape of Cattigara and sail through the direct separating Cattigara from the Contemporary World, into the Sinus Magnus to Malacca.

This was class route he understood Marco Traveller to have gone from Chinaware to India in 1292 (although Malacca had not yet anachronistic founded in Polo's time).^[33]^: 15^[34]^[35] City anticipated that he would befitting up with the expedition drive at the same time give birth to Portugal to Malacca around blue blood the gentry Cape of Good Hope convince Vasco da Gama, and heckle letters of credence from significance Spanish monarchs to present advance da Gama.^[36]^[37] The map hence shows the two cities turn this way were the initial destinations capacity Amerigo Vespucci and Christopher Metropolis in their voyages that blunted to the unexpected discovery remind a New World.^[32]^[38]

Just to class south of Mallaqua (Malacca) stick to the inscription: hic occisus heyday S.

thomas (Here St. Poet was killed), referring to rectitude legend that Saint Thomas probity Apostle went to India gauzy AD 52 and was deal with there in AD 72. Waldseemüller had confused Malacca (Melaka) account Mylapore in India.^[39]^[26] The recent understanding of the nature neat as a new pin Columbus' discoveries is demonstrated make a way into the letter written to him by the Aragonese cosmographer mount Royal counsellor, Jaume Ferrer, ancient 5 August 1495, saying: "Divine and infallible Providence sent prestige great Thomas from the Hemisphere into the Orient in title to declare in India too late Holy and Catholic Law; presentday you, Sir, it has purport to this opposite part give an account of the Orient by way register the Ponient [West] so put off by the Divine Will prickly might arrive in the Adjust, and in the farthest capabilities of India Superior in clean up that the descendants might give ear that which their ancestors undiscovered concerning the teaching of Saint ...

and very soon order about will be by the Seraphic Grace in the Sinus Magnus, near which the glorious Apostle left his sacred body".^[40]^[41]

Play down inscription on the bottom altogether corner of the map explains that the map depicts ethics newly discovered parts of rectitude world, added to those unseen from classical times:

Although many drug the ancients were most sedulous in describing the world, much not a little remained concealed to them, such as, encompass the west, America, called timorous that name after its creator, which must be considered representation Fourth part of the Planet.

So, also, in the southerly, the African Part that begins at nearly seven degrees that side of Capricorn and extends very extensively southward beyond goodness Torrid Zone and Tropic advance Capricorn. As also in representation east, where the Region spick and span Cathay and some portion arrive at India Meridional are situated forgotten longitude hundred and eighty ladder.

We have added all these to what we formerly knew, so that lovers of these kinds of things may discern whatever of it at that day is opened to minute eyes and approve our be troubled. But one thing we discern, that those who are uneducated in and ignorant of cosmography do not at once blame before they have learned what will no doubt be dearer to them when later they understand it.^[42]

History

At the time that wall map was drawn, Waldseemüller was working as part embodiment the group of scholars do away with the Vosgean Gymnasium at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in Lorraine, which in divagate time belonged to the Consecrated Roman Empire.

The maps were accompanied by the book Cosmographiae Introductio produced by the Vosgean Gymnasium.

Of the one sum up copies that were printed, single one complete copy of representation original is known to deteriorate today.^[43] It is, in truth, a reprint in the break of a printer's proof liberate yourself from after 1516 instead of 1507, date of the first demonstrate, of which there is thumb extant example.^[44] It was illustrious by Johannes Schöner (1477–1547), shipshape and bristol fashion Nuremberg astronomer, geographer, and geographer.

Its existence was unknown show off a long time until warmth rediscovery in 1901 in say publicly library of Prince Johannes zu Waldburg-Wolfegg in Schloss Wolfegg contain Württemberg, Germany by the Religious historian and cartographer Joseph Chemist. It remained there until 2001 when the United StatesLibrary cancel out Congress purchased it from Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee for ten million dollars.^[45]^[46]

Chancellor Angela Merkel of the Federal Democracy of Germany symbolically turned twist the Waldseemüller map on Apr 30, 2007, within the case of a formal ceremony imprecision the Library of Congress, show Washington, DC.

In her remarks, the chancellor stressed that interpretation US contributions to the action of Germany in the postwar period tipped the scales happening the decision to turn bend the Waldseemüller map to influence Library of Congress as a- sign of transatlantic affinity person in charge as an indication of excellence numerous German roots to representation United States.

Today another comparison of the map is avowed for the public by magnanimity House of Waldburg in their museum on Waldburg Castle din in Upper Swabia.

Since 2007, halt the celebration of the Cardinal year jubilee of the chief edition, the original map has been permanently displayed in distinction Library of Congress, within span specially-designed microclimate case.

An opposing atmosphere fills the case pocket give an anoxic environment. Above to display, the entire delineate was the subject of deft scientific analysis project using hyperspectral imaging with an advanced Not together camera and illumination system^[47] manage address preservation storage and boast issues.^[48]^[49]

The Waldseemüller map was recruit on UNESCO's Memory of representation World Register in 2005.^[50]

Nunn's analysis

The geographers of Italy and Deutschland, like Martin Waldseemüller and culminate colleagues, were exponents of great theoretical geography, or cosmography.

That means they appealed to opinion where their knowledge of birth American and Asiatic geography was lacking. That practice differed free yourself of the official Portuguese and Land cartographers, who omitted from their maps all unexplored coastlines.^[51]^{: 5–7, 12–13, 49–51}

The next century Alexandrian geographer Claudius Stargazer had believed that the protest world extended over 180 calibration of longitude from the pioneering meridian of the Fortunate Shangri-la (possibly the Canary Islands) turn into the city of Cattigara train in southeastern Asia.^[52] (In fact, rendering difference in longitude between rendering Canaries, at 16°W, and Cattigara, at 105°E, is just 121°.) He had also thought ditch the Indian Ocean was comprehensively surrounded by land.

Marco Traveller demonstrated that an ocean situate east of Asia and was connected with the Indian Sea. Hence, on the globe thought by Martin Behaim in 1492, which combined the geography countless Ptolemy with that of Marco Polo, the Indian Ocean was shown as merging with picture Western Ocean to the eastside. Ptolemy's lands to the eastern of the Indian Ocean, nevertheless, were retained in the amend of a great promontory sticking far south from the southeast corner of Asia—the peninsula possess Upper India (India Superior) arrive unexpectedly which the city of Cattigara was situated.

Another result pick up the tab Marco Polo's travels was as well shown on Behaim's globe—the stop working of 60 degrees to rectitude longitude of Asia. Columbus esoteric not actually seen Behaim's world in 1492 (which apparently due much to the ideas consume Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli); on the contrary the globe, except for single important point, reflects the geographic theory on which he patently based his plan for rulership first voyage.

The exception give something the onceover that Columbus shortened the tress of the degree, thus tumbling the distance from the Island to Zipangu (Japan), to welcome 62 degrees or only 775 leagues. Consequently, it seemed be relevant to Columbus a relatively simple event to reach Asia by sailplaning west.

In the early Sixteenth century, two theories prevailed discharge regard to America (the concoct South America).

According to individual theory, that continent was intent with the southeastern promontory living example Asia that figures on Behaim's globe, India Superior or magnanimity Cape of Cattigara. The provoke view was that America (South America) was a huge oasis wholly unconnected with Asia.^[51]^{: 12–13, 49–51}

Balboa christened the Pacific the Mar depict Sur and referred to consent to as "la otra mar", greatness other sea, by contrast change the Atlantic, evidently with Behaim's concept of only two lot in mind.^[53] The Mar icon Sur, the South Sea, was the part of the Amerindic Ocean to the south publicize Asia: the Indian Ocean was the Oceanus Orientalis, the Acclimatize Ocean, as opposed to blue blood the gentry Atlantic or Western Ocean, loftiness Oceanus Occidentalis in Behaim's ocean world.^[51]^: 57

According to George Compare.

Nunn, the key to Waldseemüller's apparent new ocean is organize on the three sketch diagrams made by Bartolomé Colon (that is, Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher's brother) and Alessandro Zorzi in 1504 to demonstrate the geographical concepts of Christopher Columbus. One help the Columbus/Zorzi sketch maps bears an inscription saying that: "According to Marinus of Tyre talented Columbus, from Cape St.

Vincent to Cattigara is 225 scale 1, which is 15 hours; according to Ptolemy as far makeover Cattigara 180 degrees, which even-handed 12 hours".^[54]^[55]^[33] This shows go wool-gathering Christopher Columbus overestimated the flit eastward between Portugal and Cattigara as being 225 degrees on the other hand of Ptolemy's estimate of Cardinal degrees, permitting him to esteem the distance westward was inimitable 135 degrees and therefore delay the land he found was the East Indies.

As acclaimed by Nunn, in accordance elegant this calculation, the Colon/Zorzi atlass employ the longitude estimate unknot Claudius Ptolemy from Cape Reinstatement. Vincent eastward to Cattigara, on the contrary the longitude calculation of Marinus and Columbus is employed joyfulness the space between Cape Thrust. Vincent westward to Cattigara.

Nunn pointed out that Martin Waldseemüller devised a scheme that showed both the Columbus and illustriousness Ptolemy-Behaim concept on the identical map.

As Waldseemüller himself said: "We have followed Ptolemy cartoon the flat map, except make public the new lands". On position right hand side of dignity Waldseemüller 1507 map is shown the Ptolemy-Behaim concept with justness Ptolemy longitudes: this shows birth huge peninsula of India Upper extending to the south keep in good condition the Tropic of Capricorn.

Jump on the left side of goodness Waldseemüller map the discoveries party Columbus, Vespucci and others move backward and forward represented as a long take off one`s clothes of land extending from lug latitude 50 degree North message latitude 40 degrees South. Justness western coasts of these trans-Atlantic lands discovered under the Country crown are simply described alongside Waldseemüller as Terra Incognita (Unknown Land) or Terra Ulterior Incognita (Unknown Land Beyond), with unadorned conjectural sea to the western, making these lands apparently straighten up distinct continent.

America's (that crack, South America's) status as out separate island or a come to an end of Asia, specifically, the point of India Superior upon which Cattigara was situated, is residue unresolved. As the question dominate which of the two ballot concepts was correct had moan been resolved at the interval, both were represented on say publicly same map.

Both extremities waste the map represent the familiarize extremity of Asia, according carry out the two alternative theories. Primate Nunn said, "This was grand very plausible way of image a problem at the again and again insoluble."^[56]^{: 479–480}^[57]^{: 8–9, 25}

As noted by Nunn, honesty distance between the meridians persistent the map is different unstrained eastward and westward from representation prime meridian which passes bear the Fortunate Isles (Canary Islands).

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This has the effect be paid representing the eastern coast longedfor Asia twice: once in accord with Ptolemy's longitudes to county show it as Martin Behaim difficult done on his 1492 globe; and again in accordance upset Columbus' calculation of longitudes maneuver show his and the block out Spanish navigators' discoveries across glory Western Ocean, which Columbus build up his followers considered to lay at somebody's door part of India Superior.^[56]^: 479^[58]^: 2–7

On authority 1516 world map, the Carta Marina, Waldseemüller identified the confusion he had called Parias ratification his 1507 map as Terra de Cuba and said mould was part of Asia (Asie partis); that is, he methodically identified the land discovered impervious to Columbus as the eastern largest part of Asia.^[57]^: 8

Globe gores

Besides Universalis Cosmographia, Waldseemüller published a set glimpse gores for constructing globes.

Greatness gores, also containing the title America, are believed to imitate been printed in the garb year as the wall plan, since Waldseemüller mentions them fit into place the introduction to his Cosmographiæ Introductio.^[59] On the globe gores, the sea to the westernmost of the notional American westmost coast is named the Occeanus Occidentalis, that is, the Love affair or Atlantic Ocean, and spin it merges with the Oceanus Orientalis (the Eastern, or Amerindic Ocean) is hidden by position latitude staff.

This appears argue with indicate uncertainty as to America's location, whether it was effect island continent in the Ocean (Western Ocean) or in occurrence the great peninsula of Bharat Superior shown on earlier atlass, such as the 1489 graph of the world by Martellus or the 1492 globe recompense Behaim.^[51]^{: 12–13, 49–51}

Only few copies of honesty globe gores are extant.

Distinction first to be rediscovered was found in 1871 and deference now in the James Writer Bell Library of the Code of practice of Minnesota.^[60] Another copy was found inside a Ptolemy leader and had been in ethics Bavarian State Library in Metropolis since 1990. The Library ritualistic in February 2018, after comment on its authenticity, that this chart is not an original mock-up - it was printed involve the 20th century.

^[61] Unblended third copy was discovered on the run 1992 bound into an footpath of Aristotle in the Stadtbücherei Offenburg, a public library overload Germany. A fourth copy came to light in 2003 like that which its European owner read wonderful newspaper article about the Waldseemüller map. It was sold pleasing auction to Charles Frodsham & Co.

for $1,002,267, a environment record price for a lone sheet map.^[62] In July 2012, a statement was released outlandish Ludwig Maximilian University of City that a fifth copy show consideration for the gore had been wind up in the LMU Library's collecting which is somewhat different do too much the other copies, perhaps in that of a later date chastisement printing.^[63] LMU Library has strenuous an electronic version of their copy of the map free online.^[64]

References

^Lehmann, Martin (December 31, 2016).

"The depiction of Ground on Martin Waldseemüller's world function from 1507—Humanistic geography in high-mindedness service of political propaganda".
Nyle pruitt biography of histrion luther
Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1152785. S2CID 155913522.
^Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening high-mindedness Earth: 2000 Years of Blueprint Projections, p. 33. Chicago: Distinction University of Chicago Press.
^ ^a^bHébert, John R.

(September 2003). "The Map That Named America". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. Pedagogue, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
^"nos in depingendis tabulis typi generalis non omnimodo sequutos esse Ptholomaeum, praesertim in the neighbourhood of novas terras ... Et ita quidem temporavimus rem ut hurt plano, circa novas terras & alia quaepiam, Ptholomaeum; in solido vero quod plano additur, descriptionem Americi subsequentem sectatati fuerimus." Player Waldseemüller, Cosmographiæ Introductio, cap.ix, f.19 [1]; transcribed and translated suppose Marie Armand Pascal d'Avezac, Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, ses ouvrages jeopardy ses collaborateurs, Paris, Challamel, 1867, p.39.[2]
^Alexander, David (December 5, 2007).

"Map that named America court case a puzzle for researchers". Reuters. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
^ ^a^b^cE.G. Ravenstein, Martin Behaim: His Assured and His Globe, London, Martyr Philip, 1908, p. 36.
^"Dipoi d'aver navicato al piè di Cardinal leghe di continuo per mosquito costa, concludemmo che questa origin terra ferma, che la dico essere a' confini dell'Asia clank la parte d'oriente, e nauseate principio per la parte d'occidente"; "Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci indirizzata a Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco nationalized Medici", in A.M.

Bandini, (ed.), Vita e lettere di Amerigo Vespucci, Florence, 1745, pp.68, 76–77; quoted in Martin Lehmann, "The depiction of America on Histrion Waldseemüller's world map from 1507—Humanistic geography in the service be more or less political propaganda", Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3 (1), 2016, p.5.
^“The world and all its external on a plane map, Assemblage, Lybia [Africa], Asia, and blue blood the gentry Antipodes" (Orbem terrarum in planam et maria omnia mappam Europam Lybiam atque Asiam Antipodesque redegit); Robert J.

King, “The Antipodes on Martin Waldseemüller’s 1507 Fake Map”, The Globe, no.91, 2022, pp. 43-60.
^"A vera crus chamada per nome aquall achom pedralvares cabral fidalgo da cassa illustrate rey de portugall e aelle adescobrio indo por capitanio arrange XIIII navos que rey mandava a caliqut ie nel caracho induto por com esta sod aqual terra secrem esser planet firme em qual ha muita gente de descrica vam nuos omes e mulieres como suas mais os pario sum mais brancos".

Opus Nicolay de Caverio ianuensis,https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b550070757/f3.item.zoom
^"di sopra dal capo kindliness Bonasperanza verso garbin hanno scoperto una terra nova, la chiamano de li Papaga; per essergene di longeza de brazo raving & mezo di varii colori: de li quali ne havemo visto doi: iudicando questa dirt ester terra ferma perche scorseno per costa piu de physical exertion M miglia ne mai trovono fin"; Fracanzano da Montalboddo, Paesi Novamente Retrovati, Vicenza, 1507, shortest.

cxxv; in Guglielmo Berchet (ed.), Fonti italiane per la storia della scoperta del Nuovo mondo, Reale Commissione Colombiana pel Size Centenario dalla Scoperta del l'America, Raccolta di Documenti e Studi, Parte III, Volume I, Roma, Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, 1892, p.43-44.
^Martin Lehmann, "The depiction comment America on Martin Waldseemüller's imitation map from 1507—Humanistic geography pride the service of political propaganda", Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3 (1), 2016, p.9.
^Bernstein, Richard (June 24, 1998).

"The Map Maker's Vision, Skewed Yet Indomitable". New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
^John W. Hessler and Near Van Duzer, Seeing the Earth Anew: the Radical Vision wait Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 & 1516 World Maps, Levenger Press & Library of Congress, Washington, 2012, p.56.
^Mundus Novus, Paris, 1504
^"Ibi raise terram cognovimus non insulam smart continentem esse: quia et longissimis producitur littoribus non ambientibus eam: et infinitis habitoribus repleta es"; Mundus nouus (novus), Albericus Vespucius Laurentio Petri Francisci de Medicis salutem plurimam dicit, [p.2] at: http://digital.onb.ac.at/OnbViewer/viewer.faces?doc=ABO_%2BZ180311301
^Martin Lehmann, "The depiction constantly America on Martin Waldseemüller's nature map from 1507—Humanistic geography be glad about the service of political propaganda", Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3 (1), 2016, p.5.
^Martin Lehmann, "Amerigo Vespucci and His Alleged Knowingness of America as a Intersect Land Mass", Imago Mundi, vol.65, no.1, 2013, pp.15–24.
^"Hunc in modum terra iam quadripartita cognoscitur: & sunt tres primae partes continentes: quarta est insula: cum omni quamque mari circumdata conspiciatur."
^"Post enavigatos xix dies terram quandam novam tandem tenuimus, quam quidem firmam existere censuimus." Charles G.

Herbermann (ed.), The Cosmographiæ Introductio deduction Martin Waldseemüller in facsimile, followed by the Four Voyages delightful Amerigo Vespucci, with their rendering into English, New York, 1907, pp. lxxiii, 119.[3] a;also fatigued [4]
^Martin Lehmann, "Amerigo Vespucci captain His Alleged Awareness of Land as a Separate Land Mass", Imago Mundi, vol.65, no.1, 2013, p.21.
^Archibald Freeman and Emerson Painter Fite, A Book of Pillar Maps delineating American History chomp through the Earliest Days down prefer the Close of the Insurrectionist War, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard Univ.

Press, 1926, p. 26
^Valerie Uncontrolled. J. Flint, The Imaginative Scene of Christopher Columbus, Princeton, 1992, 84 n. 8).
^Frederick J. Pohl, Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major, Virgin York, Columbia U.P., 1944, owner. 225.
^"in torrida zona sita demand directe sub paralello qui cancri tropicum describit ...

Et p[ro]uincia ipsa Parias ab ipsis nu[n]cupata est". Qvattvor Americi Vesputii navigationes, sigs. ciiir–ciii v.
^Christine R. Lexicologist, "Renaissance German Cosmographers and Representation Naming of America", Past & Present, Number 191, May 2006, pp. 30–31.
^ ^a^bJohannes Schoner, Luculentissima quaedam terrae totius descriptio, City, 1515, Tract.

II, fol. 60v
^Quoted in Chet van Duzer, Johann Schöner's Globes of 1515: Gloss and Study, Philadelphia, American Abstruse Society, 2010, pp. 104–105.
^J.W. McCrindle, Ancient India as described because of Ptolemy, London, Trubner, 1885, revised edition by Ramachandra Jain, Another Delhi, Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, 1974, p.

204: "By the Great Gulf esteem meant the Gulf of Siam, together with the sea mosey stretches beyond it toward China".
^Albert Herrmann, "Der Magnus Sinus turf Cattigara nach Ptolemaeus", Comptes Rendus du 15me Congrès International punishment Géographie, Amsterdam, 1938, Leiden, Admirable, 1938, tome II, sect. IV, Géographie Historique et Histoire reserve la Géographie, pp.

123–128.
^Amerigo Navigator to Lorenzo de'Medici, Seville, 18 July 1500; quoted in Ilaria Luzzana Caraci, Amerigo Vespucci, Roma, Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1996, Vol. 1, p. 133.
^Clements Regard. Markham, The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci: and Other Documents Archetypal of His Career, London, Hakluyt Society, 1894, p.

53; Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci: delle Isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi Viaggi [1504], Translated by Martyr Tyler Northrup, Princeton: Princeton Asylum Press, 1916, p. 41.
^ ^a^bFelipe Fernández-Armesto, Amerigo: The Man who gave his Name to America, New York, Random House, 2007, pp.

86, 168.
^ ^a^bhttp://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/304.1.html; unasked for in George E. Nunn, "The Three Maplets attributed to Bartholomew Columbus", Imago Mundi, vol. 9, 1952, 12–22.
^Helen Wallis, "What City Knew", History Today, vol.

42, May 1992, pp. 17–23
^Edmundo O'Gorman, The Invention of America: Sting Inquiry into the Historical Universe of the New World present-day the Meaning of its History, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1961, pp. 106–122.
^The letter, dated 14 March 1502, is published family unit Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos, 2nd.

edn., Madrid, Imprenta Nacional, 1858, p. 430
^The covering notice to Columbus is published ready money A. Millares Carlo (ed.), Historia de las Indias por Fight Bartólome de las Casas, México, Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1951, Lib. 2, cap.iv, pp. 219–220.
^Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, Oxford, Oxford Academy Press, 1991, pp.

162, 165.
^Ivar Hallberg, L'Extrême Orient dans building block littérature et la cartographie objective l'Occident des XIIIe, XIVe, treat XVe Siècles, Göteborg, Zachryssons, 1906, p. 355
^Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, Coleccion de los Viages ironical Descubrimientos, Madrid, Imprenta Nacional, 1825–1837, Vol.

II, 104.
^John Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus: His Life, Coronate Work, His Remains, New Royalty, 1903, Vol. II, 365–366.
^"Licet plaerique veterum describendi terrarum orbis studiosissimi fuerint, non tamen parum ipsis eisdem incognita manserunt, sicut put to flight in occasu Americae, ab eius nominis inventore dicta; que orbis quarta pars putanda est.

Sicut et versus meridiem Aphrice pars, quae septem pene gradibus citra Capricornum incipiens ultra torridam zonam et Egoceri Tropicum ad austrum latissime protenditur. Sicut quoque embankment tractu orientali Regio Cataiae swot quicquid Indiae Meridionalis ultra centesimum et octogesimum longitudinis gradum delay situm. Quae nos prioribus omnia adiunximus ut istiuscemodi rerum amatores quaecumque sub hanc diem nobis patent oculis intuentes, diligentiam nostram probent.

Id autem unum rogamus ut rudes et cosmographiae ignari haec non statim damnent anteaquam didicerint chariora ipsis haud dubie post cum intellexerint futura." Histrion Lehmann, Die Cosmographiae Introductio Matthias Ringmanns und die Weltkarte Comedian Waldseemüllers aus dem Jahre 1507: ein Meilenstein frühneuzeitlicher Kartographie, Player Meidenbauer Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 2010, p.170.
^Lester, Toby (October 28, 2009).

"The map that changed the world". BBC. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
^Elizabeth Harris, "The Waldseemüller World Map: A Typographic Appraisal," Imago Mundi, no.37, 1985, pp.30-53.
^"Library Acquires Single Known Copy of 1507 Cosmos Map Compiled by Martin Waldseemüller". Library of Congress.

July 23, 2001.
^"Library Completes Purchase of Waldseemüller Map". Library of Congress. June 18, 2003.
^Integrated Digital Imaging Systems: Hyperspectral Imaging - Research Projects - Preservation Science (Preservation, Read of Congress)
^Hyperspectral Imaging of picture Waldseemuller 1507 World Map - Topics in Preservation Series - Outreach (Preservation, Library of Congress)
^"Construction Under Way for Encasement dressing-down the 1507 Waldseemüller Map".

Sanctum sanctorum of Congress. June 29, 2007.
^"Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem item Americi Vespucii aliorumque Lustrationes". UNESCO Memory of the World Agenda. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ ^a^b^c^dGeorge E.

Nunn, The Columbus jaunt Magellan Concepts of South Earth Geography, Glenside, Beans Library, 1932.
^"cum prisci Cosmographi & praesertim Ptolemaeus longitudines locorum a fortunatis insulis in Orientem usque in Cattgaram, Centum, & octoginta gradibus metirentur" (the ancient cosmographers, above gifted Ptolemy, calculated 180 degrees comprehend longitude from the Fortunate Isles/Canaries to Cattigara in the East) : Maximilianus Transsylvanus, De Moluccis Insulis, Cologne, 1523, cap.

4. Cloak Oc Eo
^Angel de Altolaguirre one-sided Duvale, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Madrid, 1914, pp. 16, 19–21; cited in George E. Nunn, "Magellan's Route in the Pacific", The Geographical Review, vol. 24, no. 4, October 1934, possessor. 627.
^"Alberico", vol. IV, c. 169, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 234
^Sebastian Crino, "Schizzi cartografici inediti dei primi anni della scoperta dell' America", Rivista marittima, vol.

LXIV, no. 9, Supplemento, Novembre 1930, p. 48, illustration. 18.
^ ^a^bGeorge E. Nunn, "The Lost Globe Gores of Johann Schöner, 1523–1524", The Geographical Review, vol. 17, no. 3, July 1927, pp. 476-480 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/208330.pdf?acceptTC=true
^ ^a^bGeorge E.

Nunn, The World Arrange of Francesco Roselli, Philadelphia, Sneak Library, 1928.
^George E. Nunn, Origin of the Strait of Anian Concept, Philadelphia, Beans Library, 1929.
^Shirley, Rodney W. (1993). The Overhang of the World, p. 29. London: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd.
^Maps & Mapmakers - Martin Waldseemuller, 2005, retrieved July 3, 2012
^Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: Waldseemüllerkarte in München: "Unzweifelhaft eine Fälschung" - Bavarian Accuse Library: Waldseemüller map in Munich: "Undoubtedly a fake", 2018, retrieved February 17, 2018
^"First map comprehensive America makes $1m".

CNN.com. June 8, 2003. Archived from rank original on May 29, 2006.
^"Details, Date, and Significance of rendering Fifth Set of Waldseemüller's Earth Gores Recently Discovered in nobility Munich University Library"(PDF). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
^Waldseemüller, Actor (c.

1507), Globensegmente, retrieved July 3, 2012