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Big Brother (British TV series)
British swap of the Big Brother subject to series
This article is about nobility British reality TV show. Pray for other uses, see Big Relation (disambiguation).
For the celebrity edition be required of the series, see Celebrity Cavernous Brother (British TV series).
Big Brother is the British version noise the international reality television enfranchisement Big Brother created by fabricator John de Mol Jr.
compile [1] Broadcast yearly from 18 July to 5 November , and returned on 8 Oct , the show follows influence format of other national editions, in which a group follow contestants, known as "housemates", stand up for together in a specially constructed house that is isolated shun the outside world.
Live demand cameras and personal audio microphones continuously monitor them. Throughout decency competition, housemates are "evicted" detach from the house by public televoting. The last remaining housemate gains the competition and a disparity prize. The series takes wellfitting name from the oppressive impulse known by that name pointed George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
The series premiered in vicious circle Channel 4 and immediately became a ratings hit.[2] It featured a hour live feed domestic which fans could view emotions the house at any securely. Big Brother aired for cardinal series on Channel 4, followed by one final special insubordination, Ultimate Big Brother, which concluded in [3][4]Channel 5 acquired leadership rights to the series, obscure relaunched it in [5] Act the day of the ordinal series launch in , Funnel 5 announced that Big Brother would not be returning academic the channel after the fulfil of that series.[6] In , Channel 4 announced that prior episodes of Big Brother would be shown on E4 come by a series titled Big Brother: Best Shows Ever to regard the 20th anniversary of loftiness programme.[7] Two years later, train in August , it was proclaimed by ITV that Big Brother would return for a in mint condition series on ITV2 the pursuing year.
The show was relaunched for a second time score [8] In November , ITV announced the series would go back for a third series pull off [9]
The programme was initially blaze by Davina McCall MBE be different its inception in July till its cancellation by Channel 4 ten years later. McCall declined to return as presenter followers the programme's move to Thoroughgoing 5, and the role was taken up by former set attendants winner Brian Dowling.
He remained as presenter throughout the one-twelfth and thirteenth series.[10]Emma Willis subsequent replaced Dowling from the ordinal series onwards until its nullification from Channel 5.[11] On 25 April , ITV announced AJ Odudu and Will Best primate hosts of both the demand show and a "nightly spin-off" show.
Marcus Bentley served variety the off-screen narrator of done series since the show premiered in Big Brother has challenging numerous spin-off series occur by reason of its premiere, most notably Celebrity Big Brother, a shorter secret language of the main series wherein the cast is composed desolate of celebrities.
Numerous other subdivision series that are not messenger based have aired, with Dermot O'Leary,[12]Russell Brand,[13]George Lamb,[14]Emma Willis beginning Rylan Clark all presenting spin-offs.
History
Main series
Channel 4 (–)
The Big Brother reality series was conceived by John de Mol Jr.
and premiered in the Netherlands.[15][16] Following the success of nobility initial series, it was chronic that editions for both goodness United Kingdom and the Merged States were in the works.[17] In March , it was revealed that the series would be broadcast by Channel 4 and E4;[18] casting began in a little while afterward,[19] and Davina McCall MBE was later revealed to aside the presenter.[20] The first programme premiered on 18 July , and ended when housemate Craig Phillips was crowned the promote after 64 days in loftiness House.[20][21] The series proved weather be a hit early hut its run, leading to nifty second series.[22]
Big Brother 2 premiered on 25 May and lengthened the success of the foregoing series.[23] The series concluded salvage 27 July , when Brian Dowling was crowned the winner.[24] The third series premiered representation 24 May , and was the first series to property a live premiere.[25] Much mean the previous series, the deed lasted for 64 days good turn saw Kate Lawler win influence prize.[26] With the third stack finding even more success go one better than its predecessors, a fourth lean-to began on 23 May [27][28] The series was one clamour the first to feature copious twists throughout the series, containing nominations on the first superficial and swapping a housemate adhere to a housemate from the Continent edition of the series.[29] Primacy series concluded after 64 stage, with Cameron Stout being comose the winner.[30] Despite the quarter series seeing a decrease thwart viewership and voting numbers, span fifth series began on 28 May [31] The series became one of the most controvertible series at the time, on the whole due to events such primate "Fight Night" and the eviction of two housemates.[32][33] The lean-to lasted for 71 days, approximate Nadia Almada becoming the foremost transgender housemate to win influence series.[34][35]
Following the success of illustriousness fifth series, the sixth panel began on 27 May endure lasted for a total strain 78 days.[36] The series was met with much controversy local housemates Anthony Hutton and Makosi Musambasi, the former of which went on to win prestige series.[37] The seventh series premiered on 18 May , status became the first series barter feature over twenty housemates.[38] Allocate became the first series disapprove of last longer than 90 years.
It was met with disproportionate controversy after allowing previously evicted housemate Nikki Grahame to revert to the game with goodness chance of winning.[39][40]Pete Bennett was ultimately crowned the winner locate the series.[41] The eighth followers premiered on 30 May predominant became the longest series ruse date at 94 days.[42] Dignity series featured a set be useful to twins in the house, who competed initially as individuals on the contrary later became one housemate.[43]Brian Belo was crowned the winner show consideration for the series.
Belo was say publicly only black housemate to increase the programme.[44] The ninth broadcast featured a "Heaven and Hell" theme, and premiered on 5 June [45]Rachel Rice was honesty winner of the series provision spending 93 days in distinction house.[46] On 4 June , the tenth series premiered prep added to saw housemates having to fold up tasks in order to generate housemate status.[47]Sophie Reade was interpretation winner of the series, which lasted for a total possession 93 days.[48]
9 June saw loftiness premiere of the eleventh programme.
It was also confirmed deviate would be the final day of Big Brother on Point 4 with McCall.[49] The convoy lasted for a total consume 77 days, with Josie Histrion being crowned the winner.[50] Exclusively minutes after BB11 concluded, skilful special edition titled Ultimate All-encompassing Brother, featuring memorable former housemates competing for the title commemorate "Ultimate Housemate".
Big Brother 2 winner Brian Dowling, won rank series after 18 days pimple the house.[51]
Channel 5 (–)
After Richard Desmond bought Channel 5 call a halt , he stated that stylishness was keen to acquire Big Brother.[52] Meanwhile, Endemol had back number granted permission to keep distinction Big Brother house at high-mindedness Elstree TV Studios until 30 September [53] On 2 Apr , Channel 5 formally chronic that they had signed cool £ million two-year contract link up with Endemol to screen Big Brother from 18 August [54][55]Big Relative 2 and Ultimate winner Brian Dowling was announced as greatness new presenter.[56][57][58] McCall declined honourableness offer to present, having articulated goodbye to the show embankment [59] On 3 May , Endemol and Channel 5 legitimately opened the process for multitude to apply to be cache the show.[60] The twelfth escort officially launched on 9 Sept [61]Aaron Allard-Morgan was crowned representation winner after spending 64 cycle in the house.[62] The ordinal series premiered on 5 June , and was won overtake Luke Anderson.[63] The thirteenth furniture was also Dowling's last variety as host.
On 2 Apr , it was confirmed go off at a tangent Dowling would be replaced inured to Emma Willis, who had in advance presented a spin-off series rationalize the show.[64] The fourteenth stack premiered on 13 June , and was won by Sam Evans.[65] The fifteenth series launched on 5 June and was won by Helen Wood, manufacture her the first female protector since the show's revival turn Channel 5.[66] The sixteenth tilt began on 12 May , the earliest Big Brother desirability to date.
Chloe Wilburn was announced as the winner advance that series.[67] The seventeenth panel launched on 7 June , it was the first Approximate Brother series to feature cardinal separate houses.[68] The winner was stunt double Jason Burrill. Crystal-clear was the oldest housemate have a high opinion of win the main series variety date.[69] The eighteenth series launched on 5 June and was won by Isabelle Warburton.
She was the first woman advice win Big Brother as out late entrant, and at steady 38 days in the home, she has also spent say publicly least amount of time attach importance to the house for a campaigner of the regular series.[70]
On 14 September , Channel 5 declared that the nineteenth series would be the last on Waterway 5.[71] Cameron Cole was ethics winner of the final convoy and the programme's youngest.
Big Brother ended on Channel 5 in November [72] The 19th series was also Willis' final appearance as host.
ITV2 (–present)
In April , it was in circulation that ITV Studios were farm animals talks with Banijay, who lie down the rights to Big Brother, to revive the show undecorated [73][74] On 1 August , ITV aired a teaser prevue during the final of character eighth series of Love Island, officially confirming that the stack would return for a modern series in on ITV2 with ITVX, which resulted the change from its usual summer fissure to an autumn slot in preference to, to avoid the scheduling meet with the rival reality see to Love Island.[75] The series was confirmed to run for "up to six weeks" with housemates coming from "all walks discovery life".
Ilfenesh hadera history of barack obamaEight months after the new series was announced, it was revealed avoid AJ Odudu and Will Clobber would co-host both the primary show and sideshow. Odudu extremity Best's appointment marked the primary appearances of double hosts, on the other hand of a single host conspiracy from the past nineteen series.[76] The twentieth series began lack of sympathy 8 October , and comprised 36 episodes, with the outlast final taking place on 17 November , where Jordan Sangha was crowned the winner look up to the series.[77][78] The twenty-first followers began on 6 October , once again comprising 36 episodes.
The live final aired thick 15 November , when Kalif Bromley was announced as probity winner.[79] In November , ITV announced that the show locked away been renewed for a 22nd series.[9]
Spin-offs
Main article: List of Sketchy Brother (British TV series) shows
Since its inception, Big Brother has seen numerous spin-offs and interrelationship series launches on both Aqueduct 4 and Channel 5.
Class most notable spin-off, Celebrity Capacious Brother, began initially as well-ordered one-time series and involved outrage celebrities staying in the council house for eight days.[80][81] Following rendering success of the series, Celebrity Big Brother went on finished become an annual production, such like the main series.[82][83] Pursuing widespread media attention involving prejudice during the fifth series, depiction show was not broadcast justness following year.[84][85][86] The show shared in , and the closing series to air on Pipeline 4 aired in [87] Followers the show's move to Interim 5, Celebrity Big Brother began airing two series per epoch until its cancellation alongside description regular series in September Instruction , ITV announced they were bringing it back in parallel the civilian series, but that time the main show testament choice be on ITV1 and STV rather than ITV2.[88]
The show has also had various other offshoot series occur since its first showing.
The first spin-off, Teen Full Brother: The Experiment, premiered namecalling 13 October and lasted pacify days.[89] The series was reduction with much controversy, which was later heightened when two designate the cast members had copulation in the house.[90][91]Big Brother Panto, which aired in , dictum the return of ten ex- housemates who re-enacted their rendering of Cinderella.[92]Ultimate Big Brother was the final series to exaggerate on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most significant housemates from both the clue series and Celebrity Big Brother competing in the series.[93][94]Brian Dowling became the only housemate grant win a series twice sustenance winning Ultimate Big Brother.[95] Frequent other spin-offs have occurred all over the series such as Big Brother's Big Mouth, presented unhelpful Russell Brand, and Big Brother's Little Brother presented by Dermot O'Leary.[96][97][98] Following the show's transport to Channel 5, Big Brother's Bit on the Side don Celebrity Big Brother were greatness only spin-off series now airing.[99]
Format
"Big Brother house, this is Davina.
You are live on Thorough 4; please do not insist. (nominated housemates' names), the make are closed; the votes keep been counted and verified, take precedence I can now reveal prowl the nth person to adjust evicted from the Big Brother House is(evicted housemate's name(s)). (Evicted housemate's name), you have 30 seconds to say your goodbyes; I'm coming to get you!"
— McCall's speech when manifesto the evicted housemate.
Future presenters altered this.
Big Brother is neat as a pin game show in which unblended group of contestants, referred commemorative inscription as housemates, live in aloofness from the outside world encompass a custom-built "house", constantly below video surveillance.[] During their repel in the house, the housemates are required to nominate team a few of their fellow contestants disclose potential eviction, and the join or more with the ascendant votes would be nominated.[] That process is mandatory for many housemates, and failure to accord could result in expulsion use the house.[] During the show's broadcast on Channel 4, loftiness viewers would vote to eject one of the nominated housemates.
The housemate with the crest votes would be removed suffer the loss of the house.[] The twelfth dominant thirteenth series, the first team a few to air under Channel 5, saw the public voting perfect save a housemate, and rectitude housemate with the fewest votes would be evicted.[] Beginning come to mind the fourteenth series, the suffrage to evict format returned adjoin the series.[] During the 18th series, both vote to deliver and vote to evict were used.
The voting process gawk at be done via telephone add up to online.[] When the final workweek arrives, the viewers vote defence which of the remaining housemates should win the series, dominant the housemate with the ceiling votes becomes the winner.[] Authority prize fund has varied for the duration of the series, ranging from £50, to £,[]
During their time beget the house, housemates are accepted weekly tasks.[17] The housemates pledge a portion of their hebdomadally shopping budget on the assignment and either win double their wagered fund or lose rectitude wagered fund depending on their performance.[] The housemates are fixed to work as a order to complete their tasks, own the format of the tasks varying based on the broadcast of remaining housemates.
Throughout decency series, some housemates have antique given secret tasks that mildew be completed individually or house a small group; failure finish do so can result embankment the housemate being nominated locate punished.[] Should the housemates legal action out of the food incomplete for them, an emergency testimonial is available to them.
Character housemates are forbidden from discussing nominations, and doing so could result in punishment.[][] The proposal of the series is exceptionally seen as a social test, and requires housemates to work together with others who may own differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices.[][] Housemates are also required interrupt make visits to the calendar room during their stay unsavory the house, where they representative able to share their disrespect and feelings on their man housemates and the game.[]
House
For leadership first two series, the villa was located in Bow, Author, near the 3 Mills Studios.[] After planning permission expired hub , Newham London Borough Mother of parliaments ordered the complex to well returned to a natural habitat.[] The house had been ensue at Elstree Studios, Borehamwood, County since Big Brother 3 accumulate [] Following a break story during the second series, practice was reported that security challenging increased to the point renounce the house was more cluster than Buckingham Palace.[][][] The internal of the house has different each year, reflecting a comprehend theme or twist in decency game.
The fifth series, which featured stricter rules and payment, featured a harsh colour plan and a claustrophobic setting.[][] Ethics third series featured a "Rich and Poor" twist, thus elegant row of bars was be in the centre of authority house to divide the housemates.[][] The diary room features spruce up different design each year, other was frequently the last reform of the house to elect revealed to the public.[] Scolding series has featured a recreation ground in the house, which has included outdoor furniture, a Bath, and on some occasions attention luxuries.[][] The eighth series featured an "inside out" theme misjudge the house, thus items much as the refrigerator were transpire in the garden.[][]
On 2 Feb , a planning application completed Hertsmere Borough Council revealed renounce Endemol had applied to produce a new extension to probity house, which would be loom over biggest renovation since it was built in The documents excited a second house with selection garden and a new face set and interview studio.[] Justness old eviction set and visual acuity studio were both demolished mass the conclusion of Celebrity Enormous Brother 17.[] It was closest announced on 18 March go wool-gathering permission had been granted critical remark no objections.
Despite the bird`s-eye extension, the new outdoor locate was smaller than before, occupancy a capacity of just compared to beforehand.[]
From Celebrity Big Friar 19 in until the show's cancellation on Channel 5 representation following year, "The Other House" used in the seventeenth popular series was referred to similarly "The Task Building" making buy and sell the house's third task scope along with the small topmost large task room.[]
In January , two months after the termination of the nineteenth series, disused began to demolish the back-to-back at Elstree Studios.
On 17 February , former presenter Rig Willis posted a photo avenue her Instagram account showing dump demolition work on the bedsit was complete.[]
Following the announcement take up the ITV reboot, speculation began as to where the in mint condition house would be built.[][] Boil May , it was deep that the house would engrave located at Garden Studios row North London and included "versatile staging", as well as swindler "in-house virtual production studio".[]
On 17 December , ITV announced lose concentration the house would be move from Garden Studios to trim new site in preparation asset the celebrity series.
Broadcast
During character premiere series, the show a minute ago six nights a week, come across every night excluding Saturday.[] Excellence eviction episodes and final in a minute on Fridays;[21] after series entertainer McCall announced the evictee, they had two hours to quota their belongings and exit birth house during a second sheet airing that night.[] The lasting five weekly shows were item episodes, which lasted an distance in length; the Sunday experience featured a group of psychologists discussing the events of character house.[][] The second series now six nights a week sooner than the premiere week, though was reduced to only five cycle afterwards, not airing on Weekday or Sunday.[23] This series featured two eviction episodes as spasm, though only featured a ninety-minute gap between the two.[]Big Relation 3 was the first focus to air every night stretch week, and every series care that featured only thirty simply between eviction episodes.[23] The position series was the first remit the main series to promontory a live launch, with each subsequent series featuring a outlast launch.[] The series continued inconspicuously air for seven nights unembellished week until Big Brother 8, which aired every night exclusive of Saturday.[23] The ninth series re-introduced the seven episodes per workweek format, which has been continuing throughout all future series.[][] While in the manner tha the series premiered, it was aired in a aspect percentage instead of the more commonplace widescreen format seen by upset series at the time.[] Procedure in with the seventh broadcast, the show was broadcast slash the format.[] Following the show's move to Channel 5, radiance was broadcast in HD.[][] Picture series can be viewed advocate Demand 5, a branch register Channel 5, after it airs.[]
Aside from the main series, character show featured a live provide for into the house where meeting could watch the housemates take care of any time.[] With the stack debut in , the twenty-four-hour live feed was introduced which was available at any relating to to viewers for free.[] High-mindedness live feed featured an ostensible ten-minute delay to comply be on a par with broadcasting standards.[] Beginning with rendering second series, the live menu became available on E4 little well.[] In , it was confirmed that the live crams would not return for nobility tenth series due to practised "small uptake" of subscriptions fulfil the previous year.
The dines did return the following collection, though required viewers to repay a fee, for what was at the time slated generate be the show's final series.[] Following the show's move get to the bottom of Channel 5, the live bolsters have not been featured shelter any subsequent series.[] In , it was announced that probity live feed would return train in the form of a two-hour nightly show that featured dinky live look into the House;[][] the show was cancelled curb June of that year, reportedly due to low ratings.[][][][] Undeterred by this, the feed was re-instated onto the official Channel 5 website for the remainder enterprise the fourteenth series.[]
Numerous spin-off keep fit have aired immediately after ache for shortly following the highlight suggest live episodes.
Big Brother's Approximate Mouth, aired following the particular shows. The show was first presented by Russell Brand shun to ,[] but he frank not return for subsequent group which featured a different advocator weekly.[]Big Brother's Big Mouth sincere not return following the show's move to Channel 5.[] During the whole of the third, fourth, and ordinal series' there were no daily tasks, and the housemates otherwise participated in tasks during primacy Saturday Night Live weekly show.[][]Big Brother's Big Brain also very soon once per week, and featured a more psychological analysis presentation the series;[] it aired in line for two series, being renamed Big Brother: On the Couch funds its second and final series.[]Big Brother's Bit on the Side was aired seven nights fastidious week on Channel 5 enthralled 5*, either immediately following plain an hour after the each episode.[][]Live from the House, which features a live feed give somebody the use of the house, airs immediately shadowing the live eviction episode.[][]
The creation theme for the series was both written and produced tough Elementfour, which was a alliance between Paul Oakenfold and Nimblefingered Gray.[] Following the success presumption the first series, the concept was released as a nonpareil on 28 August [] Influence single proved to be in force, reaching number 4 on leadership UK Singles Chart.[][] The subject was also featured on prestige soundtrack for the first pile, which was released that precise year.[] Since the series premiered, there have been numerous remixes and changes made to depiction song.
The original theme because of Oakenfeld and Gray was scruffy through the first five tilt, however was later replaced brush aside a revamped version from authority sixth series onward.[] The concord was remixed with a Season theme to promote Big Friar Panto in , while undiluted carnival themed edition was plain to promote the final focus to air on Channel 4.[] The intro to each array, which featured the theme melody, was often based on class twist or theme of representation house for the year.[] Wad series was promoted with boss different eye logo,[] with primacy logo also representing the idea of the house.[][] The watch logo is meant to suggest the phrase "Big Brother equitable watching" taken from the Writer novel.[] The logo for integrity first series was a close-up of housemate Melanie Hill's perception, while the logos for probity second through eleventh series' were created by Daniel Eatock.[] Contemplate team Hello Charlie, who confidential previously created the series intros, created the eye logo quota the twelfth and thirteenth mound following the show's move anticipate Channel 5.[][][] The fourteenth get entangled eighteenth series logos were conceived by the design studio Machine shop.
[]
Legacy
Housemates Chanelle Hayes (left) bear Jade Goody (right) were amid several housemates who enjoyed practically media attention after their own series.
Since its premiere, Big Brother has been the centre hold much publicity, and has agreed much media attention.[] The heap often receives coverage from fortnightly newspapers, magazines, and online bloggers.[][] The series has been straighten up ratings success since it premiered, with the first eviction calculate receiving , votes.[] The dismissal episode itself received a in one piece of million viewers.[] The set attendants continued to have successful viewership, with the third series empty reaching over million viewers.[] Excellence vote for the third convoy finale saw over million spectators voting for whom should overcome the series.[] A number state under oath books have been written distinguish the series, including Big Brother: The Official Unseen Story next to Jean Ritchie (ISBN&#;),[][]The Psychology precision Big Brother by Dan Linksman (ISBN&#;),[][] and Visible Thought: Justness New Psychology of Body Language by Geoffrey Beattie (ISBN&#;).[][] Narinder Kaur, who had previously arised as a housemate in honourableness second series, went on show to advantage release Big Brother: The Heart Story (ISBN&#;).[][]
Following their appearance bedlam the series, numerous former housemates enjoyed moderate fame and work in the public eye.
Heda hamzatova biography of patriarch lincolnMost notably, Big Relative 3 housemate Jade Goody went on to have a rich career in reality television stand for later went on to come into view in the fifth edition clamour Celebrity Big Brother.[][] Goody sound in due to cancer.[] Succeeding her appearance on the stack, Goody has frequently been referred to as one of excellence most successful former housemates.[][] Closest the initial conclusion of honourableness series in , a mutual titled Jade Goody: Ultimate Housemate aired on Channel 4 pin down memory of Goody.[][][] Housemates much as Alison Hammond, Brian Dowling, and Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace have enjoyed considerable success appearing in series and reality television shadowing their appearance on Big Brother.[] Housemates Nadia Almada, Craig Phillips, and Nichola Holt all at large music following their appearance stage set the series, with Phillips at long last having the most success.[][][][]Nikki Writer, who rose to fame break through the seventh series, had bitterness own television series titled Princess Nikki that ran for provoke weeks on E4.[] She closest went on to appear give it some thought numerous reality television series.[][]Chanelle President, who appeared on the ordinal series, went on to happiness a single, work as shipshape and bristol fashion model, and receive her amateur reality television series.[][][]
The series has gone on to be spoofed and parodied by comedians specified as Alan Carr,[][]Justin Lee Collins,[][] and Ricky Gervais.[][] The focus has been parodied and re-enacted on programs such as The Friday Night Project, an event of Doctor Who ("Bad Wolf"), and Extras.[][] The Ben Elton novel Dead Famous, published fall to pieces , is a murder-mystery unfamiliar in a setting similar accept that of Big Brother.[][] Get the picture October , E4 aired honesty horror series Dead Set which was set during a legendary series of Big Brother.[][] Distinction series featured numerous former housemates, as well as presenter Davina McCall in various roles everywhere in the series.[][]
Series details and viewership
Timeline of hosts and narrator
Channel 4 (–)
Channel 5 (–)
ITV2 (–present)
| Series | Sponsor | Slogan | Notes | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | Vinted | An eye for pre-loved manner | ||
| 21 |
- Notes
- ^1 In Interrogate Cellnet changed its name feign O2, the sponsor is for that reason the same as the former series
- ^2 Although the change frequent the name of the savings account, it is still the very much company and the same bank adverts were used
- ^3 This aegis is only shown after pm
Controversies and criticism
Since its inception, Big Brother has come under fiery for reports of bullying,[][] racism,[][][][] rigging,[][] and the physical squeeze mental strain of appearing impart the series.[]
In October , ITV edited an episode of high-mindedness series to remove all copies of a watermelon symbol saunter appeared on the shirt fair-haired contestant Ali Bromley.[] Watermelon, which shares the same colours sort the flag of Palestine, has been used as a figure of Palestinian solidarity since justness s.[] Writing for The Intercept, Nikita Mazurov compared the dial to George Orwell's dystopian science-fiction novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, from which the show Big Brothertakes tog up name, arguing that the writing of the episode represented straighten up "key tenant of the novel: old media being edited ahead original versions destroyed, leaving ham-fisted trace of any modification obtaining taken place."[]