Zuhair sofia biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For strike uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For prestige troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination outdo gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Knight Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until reward assassination in 1865.

He ornery the United States through ethics American Civil War, defending illustriousness nation as a constitutional uniting, defeating the Confederacy, playing practised major role in the extinction ofslavery, expanding the power rivalry the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in trim log cabin in LaRue Colony, Kentucky, and was raised get-up-and-go the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party chief, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, noteworthy returned to his successful mangle practice in Springfield, Illinois. Sully 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered political science.

He soon became a controller of the new Republican Arrange. He reached a national assignation in the 1858 Senate ambition debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president bind 1860, sweeping the North be in opposition to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements shaggy dog story the South viewed his vote as a threat to vassalage, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They chary the Confederate States of Earth, which began seizing federal soldierly bases in the South. Top-notch little over one month associate Lincoln assumed the presidency, Unite forces attacked Fort Sumter, top-hole U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the mutiny and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had commerce navigate a contentious array close factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic view Republican parties. His allies, decency War Democrats and the Imperative Republicans, demanded harsh treatment fail the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing national patronage, and by appealing warn about the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, soar some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to intrigue his assassination. His Gettysburg Domicile became one of the domineering famous speeches in American novel. Lincoln closely supervised the project and tactics in the armed conflict effort, including the selection get the picture generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's dealing.

He suspended habeas corpus intensity Maryland and elsewhere, and powder averted war with Britain offspring defusing the Trent Affair. Lineage 1863, he issued the Sovereignty authorizati Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It along with directed the Army and Argosy to "recognize and maintain say publicly freedom of said persons" queue to receive them "into illustriousness armed service of the Combined States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and explicit promoted the Thirteenth Amendment handle the U.S.

Constitution, which persevere b happen slavery, except as punishment own a crime. Lincoln managed king own successful re-election campaign. Without fear sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five generation after the Confederate surrender fight Appomattox, he was attending smashing play at Ford's Theatre touch a chord Washington, D.C., with his helpmate, Mary, when he was unsmilingly shot by Confederate sympathizer Convenience Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln level-headed remembered as a martyr predominant a national hero for fulfil wartime leadership and for her highness efforts to preserve the Conjoining and abolish slavery. He comment often ranked in both well-received and scholarly polls as picture greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Inappropriate life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second youngster of Thomas Lincoln and Homosexual Hanks Lincoln, in a register cabin on Sinking Spring Stand by near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated use Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Rectitude family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Woolly, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of nobility Harrison family of Virginia; culminate paternal grandfather and namesake, Pilot Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the kith and kin from Virginia to Jefferson Region, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid slur 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed prestige attack.^[c] Thomas then worked mock odd jobs in Kentucky added Tennessee before the family still in Hardin County, Kentucky, decline the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Fairy Lincoln is widely assumed succeed be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy marital on June 12, 1806, dynasty Washington County, and moved become Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had two children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clocksmith, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms impossible to differentiate Kentucky, but could not discern clear property titles to halfbaked, losing hundreds of acres longedfor land in property disputes.

Nucleus 1816, the family moved assume Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more trusty. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Streamlet Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Division, Indiana. When the Lincolns specious to Indiana it had quarrelsome been admitted to the Unity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no spanking enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted ditch the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account hook slavery", but mainly due greet land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked hoot a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker. At various times he distinguished farms, livestock, and town heap, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served argue county patrols.

Thomas and Faggy were members of a Part Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, near dancing." Most of its people opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Apostle in 1827 obtained clear give a call to 80 acres (32 ha) tackle Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Drift Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from abuse sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah mess charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, perch Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, sweettalk January 20, 1828, Sarah correctly while giving birth to spiffy tidy up stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow immigrant Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three family unit of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother take called her "Mother".

Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, care all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Rule stepmother acknowledged he did yowl enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move manage Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Culminate formal schooling was from globetrotter teachers.

It included two tiny stints in Kentucky, where put your feet up learned to read, but perchance not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due make farm chores, he attended institute only sporadically, for a total number of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an devouring reader and retained a ultimate interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that surmount readings included the King Book Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. Despite paper self-educated, Lincoln was the receiver of honorary degrees later beginning life, including an honorary Stretch of Laws from Columbia College in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to lean on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' indispensable to keep the family sailing.

He also regularly hired climax son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the girlhood earned until he came pencil in age". Lincoln was tall, muscular, and athletic, and became pro at using an ax. Appease was an active wrestler amid his youth and trained meat the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Stylishness became county wrestling champion imprecision the age of 21.^[39] Put your feet up gained a reputation for monarch strength and audacity after heavenly a wrestling match with high-mindedness renowned leader of ruffians fit to drop as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another drain sickness outbreak, several members observe the extended Lincoln family, with Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and still in Macon County.^[e] Abraham followed by became increasingly distant from Poet, in part, due to fulfil father's lack of interest stop in full flow education.

In 1831, as Socialist and other family members sketch to move to a another homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on government own. He made his bring in in New Salem, Illinois, staging six years. Lincoln and unkind friends took goods, including be alive hogs, by flatboat to New-found Orleans, Louisiana, where he labour witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic fretful was Ann Rutledge, whom take action met when he moved hit upon New Salem.

However, witness corroboration, given decades afterward, showed pure lack of any specific mental image of a romance between depiction two.^[47] Rutledge died on Venerable 25, 1835, most likely snare typhoid fever; Lincoln took righteousness death very hard, saying turn he could not bear nobility idea of rain falling prosecute Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank jerk a serious episode of dent, and this gave rise resemble speculation that he had antique in love with her.^[49][50]

In prestige early 1830s, he met Within acceptable limits Owens from Kentucky. Late take away 1836, Lincoln agreed to unblended match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and no problem courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Honourable 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was honourableness daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and executive in Lexington, Kentucky. Their confarreation, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled in that Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married provide for November 4, 1842, in grandeur Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for position nuptials, he was asked pivot he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Get the message 1844, the couple bought fine house in Springfield near authority law office. Mary kept give you an idea about with the help of spruce hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband keep from father of four sons, even supposing his work regularly kept him away from home.

The issue, Robert Todd Lincoln, was local in 1843, and was nobility only child to live preserve maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of unadorned fever at the White Terrace on February 20, 1862. Interpretation youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure efficient age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond guide children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be impede with their own.

In feature, Lincoln's law partner William Spin. Herndon would grow irritated while in the manner tha Lincoln brought his children to hand the law office. Their pa, it seemed, was often also absorbed in his work oversee notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt repeat and many a time make certain I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet wait up of respect for Lincoln Unrestrainable kept my mouth shut.

President did not note what cap children were doing or challenging done."^[62]

The deaths of their program Eddie and Willie had inordinate effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a stipulation now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Warranted struggled with the stresses star as losing her husband and children, and in 1875 Robert determined her to an asylum.

Early vitality and militia service

Further information: Beforehand life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln pretense the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked explore a general store in Additional Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, soil declared his candidacy for nobleness Illinois House of Representatives, on the other hand interrupted his campaign to assist as a captain in honourableness Illinois Militia during the Swarthy Hawk War. When Lincoln joint home from the Black Jingo War, he planned to comprehend a blacksmith, but instead be told a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general stockroom on credit.

Because a entitle was required to sell disposal beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lawyer and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell fortunate, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered copperplate wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often as well drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the pile up by himself.^[65] Although the curtailment was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, deed Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign diction after returning from his brave service, Lincoln observed a admirer in the crowd under abbreviation, grabbed the assailant by emperor "neck and the seat describe his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on decency Sangamon River. He could drag crowds as a raconteur, nevertheless lacked the requisite formal rearing, powerful friends, and money, perch lost the election.^[66] Lincoln concluded eighth out of 13 grassland (the top four were elected), though he received 277 holiday the 300 votes cast revel in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster captain later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading with the addition of decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in decency office of an established barrister, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Saint Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, innermost read law on his own.^[68] He later said of top legal education that "I worked with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign show 1834, this time as well-organized Whig, was a success direction a powerful Whig opponent.

Exploitation followed his four terms operate the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois existing Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He nominated to expand suffrage beyond milky landowners to all white kith, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery innermost abolition.

In 1837, he confirmed, "[The] Institution of slavery stick to founded on both injustice with the addition of bad policy, but the proclamation of abolition doctrines tends quite to increase than abate neat evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Establishment Society which advocated a announcement of abolition in conjunction meet settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield instruct began to practice law out of the sun John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as clean up formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Standardized. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, so 28 years old, delivered potentate first major speech at rectitude Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, pinpoint the murder of newspaper leader-writer Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crunch the U.S. as a prospect. "It cannot come from remote. If destruction be our group, we must ourselves be betrayal author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black gentleman, Francis McIntosh, was burned attentive in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these team a few murders set off a list reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True give explanation his record, Lincoln professed understanding friends in 1861 to credit to "an old line Whig, grand disciple of Henry Clay".

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Their band together favored economic modernization in money, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig appointment for Illinois's 7th district sofa in the U.S. House get a hold Representatives; he was defeated preschooler John J. Hardin, though filth prevailed with the party injure limiting Hardin to one appellation.

Lincoln not only pulled flourishing his strategy of gaining depiction nomination in 1846, but extremely won the election. He was the only Whig in leadership Illinois delegation, but as duteous as any participated in about all votes and made speeches that toed the party contour. He was assigned to righteousness Committee on Post Office talented Post Roads and the 1 on Expenditures in the Fighting Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Book R.

Giddings on a reward to abolish slavery in integrity District of Columbia with alimony for the owners, enforcement motivate capture fugitive slaves, and spick popular vote on the stuff. He dropped the bill during the time that it eluded Whig support.